1. 1800-1860 American Romanticism

2. Important Historical Background ● Period of rapid growth: Louisiana Purchase, nationalism, and self-awareness. ● War of 1812- America is “for real.” ● Mexican-American War (1846-1848) – Texas comes in as a slave state ● Rapid Growth in transportation—canals, roads, railroad ● Industrial growth—telegraph, steel plow, reaper ● Conflicts arise from growth: women’s rights, abolitionism, child labor laws.

3. Romanticism ● Romanticism is the name given to those schools of thought that value feeling and intuition over reason. ● Romantics believed that the imagination was able to discover truths that the rational mind could not reach. ● Usually accompanied by powerful emotion and associated with natural, unspoiled beauty. ● Imagination, individual feelings, and wild nature were of greater value than reason, logic, and cultivation.

4. Romanticism ● Romantic writers placed a new emphasis on intuitive, “felt” experience and often contrasted poetry with science, which they saw as destroying the very truth it claimed to seek. ● The romantics wanted to rise above “dull realities” to a realm of higher truth and searched for exotic settings in the more “natural” past or in a world far removed from the grimy and noisy industrial age. ● Romantic writers tried to reflect on the natural world until dull reality fell away to reveal underlying beauty and truth.

5. Romantics broke into two categories: Transcendentalists American Gothic

6. Transcendentalists Definition: Stresses spiritual well-being achieved through intellectual activity (meditation) and a close relationship with nature.

7. Transcendentalists A. Beginners of the movement are Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau. 1. Disgust for conformity and praised individuality. 2. Search for the inner self. 3. Respect intuition to guide people to a higher level of knowledge-supernatural forces. 4. Close relationship to nature. 5. Criticized material possessions and “get ahead” work ethic.

8. Transcendentalists B. Set up their own transcendentalist farm (Brook Farm) in Massachusetts 1840-1847. 1. Lived from the land, grew food, self- sufficient farm 2. Discussed thoughts and feelings about life with other members of their “ideal” society.

9. Transcendentalist Authors EMERSONTHOREAU

10. American Gothic Definition-Emphasis on the dark side of the individual. Not optimistic like transcendentalists. Interested in emotion, nature, the unusual, and the human capacity for evil.

11. American Gothic A. Edgar Allen Poe 1. Writing deals with the terror of the soul. Deterioration of the mind. 2. Growth of the horror story.

12. American Gothic B. Nathaniel Hawthorne, William Faulkner, Flannery O’Connor 1.Writing examines the deterioration of the heart under conditions of fear, greed, vanity, mistrust, and betrayal.

13. Characteristics of American Romanticism ● Values feeling and intuition over reason. ● Place faith in inner experience and the power of imagination. ● Shuns the artificiality of civilization and seeks unspoiled nature. ● Prefers youthful innocence to educated sophistication. ● Champions individual freedom and the worth of the individual.

14. Characteristics of American Romanticism ● Reflects on nature’s beauty as a path to spiritual and moral development. ● Looks backward to the wisdom of the past and distrusts progress. ● Finds beauty and truth in exotic locales, the supernatural realm and the inner world of the imagination. ● Sees poetry as the highest expression of imagination. ● Finds inspiration in myth, legend, and folklore.

15. The Romantic Hero ● The romantic hero was one of the most important products of the early American novel. ● The rational hero, like Ben Franklin, was worldly, educated, sophisticated, and bent on making a place for himself in civilization. ● The typical hero in American Romantic fiction was youthful, innocent, intuitive, and close to nature.

16. Romantic Techniques ● Remoteness of setting in time and place. ● Improbable plots. ● Unlikely characterization. ● Informal writing style. ● Experiments in new forms. ● Individualized form of writing.

17. American Romantic Writers ● Washington Irving ● Henry Wadsworth Longfellow ● Edgar Allan Poe

18. Washington Irving (1793-1859) ● Father of American Literature ● First American writer to gain European respect. ● Best-known for his short stories and caricatures that celebrate America’s past. ● His characters are humorously drawn stereotypes that represent American traits. ● Stories set in quant American villages (generally in New York’s Hudson River area). ● His plots convey conventional morals. ● Works include “The Devil and Tom Walker,” “The Legend of Sleepy Hollow,” and “Rip Van Winkle.”

19. Henry Wadsworth Longfellow (1807-1882) ● Father of American poetry and a member of the Fireside Poets. ● Traditionally formatted, sentimental, optimistic lyrics give a romanticized version of America’s early history. ● Works include “Hiawatha,” “The Tide Rises, the Tide Falls,” and “Paul Revere’s ride.”

20. Edgar Allan Poe (1809-1849) ● Father of the American detective story. ● As famous for his trouble life as his literature. ● Defined the short story as we know it today, as well as the psychological thriller. ● Poetry reflects his belief in the power of sound and the impact of the death of a beautiful woman. ● Stories are not typically American, in that they don’t highlight American characters or settings. ● Works include “The Fall of the House of Usher,” “The Telltale Heart,” and “The Raven.”

21. Words to know Direct Characterization : A writer makes direct statements about a character’s traits or personality Flat character: A character with only one or two personality traits Indirect Characterization: The writer reveals the character’s personality through the character’s words, actions, feelings, and appearance Round Character: A character that has numerous qualities or traits; seems like a real person Point of View: The relationship of the narrator or storyteller to the story First person: The story is told by one of the characters, referred to as “I” Third person objective: The narrator only relates what is seen and heard and does not know all Third person omniscient: Narrator is outside the story and knows everything about the characters, their problems, and events