1. Typical Computer System

2. What's an O.S. and What Does it Do? Software extensions to Hardware Provides for efficient control of and access to system facilities Provides a structure for running Programs Acts as a user interface

3. Different ways of Operating Single-User Environment One User at a time Initially, running only one program at a time Now, Single-User PC allows several Programs to run at the same time (e.g., Windows 95, Mac System 7.x, OS/2) Can have WP and Spreadsheet open at same time and `switch' between them.

4. Multi-Access/Multi-user Environments Many users logged in at same time (e.g., via campus network or Internet) Same application run several times, or many different application run at the same time Each user appears to have all systems resources available - The Virtual Machine

5. Multi-tasking/Multi-processing A process is an instance of a program in execution - Definition Processes are run apparently in parallel by sharing system resources Multi-tasking does not imply Multi-user, nor vice versa

6. Multi-programming Multi-tasking + instructions / data from different processes co-resident in memory Multi-programming implies multi-tasking, but not vice versa

7. Reasons for different operating requirements Many users interactively using same computer system for many different tasks: Each user could be running a program interactively or in batch editing a file checking system status information At Lunch! But Logged in Needs to provide different levels of service Needs Quick Response Need to Protect users from each other System needs to be robust

8. Many Users running the same program - e.g., Flight reservations: Needs quick response time Easy to use sharing up-to-date information consistency and protection of data

9. Few Users, or fully automated system, mainly for checking system status - e.g., real-time system controlling nuclear reactor: Very fast - needs to respond to changing environment No real need for comprehensive user interface Reliable Secure

10. Batch system - e.g., bureau service only supervisor interacts with system all other programs are JOBS, collections of programs identified by a job card. Little need for extensive user interface must run jobs according to some known set of criteria, as users may be charged for use of the system. reliable secure

11. General Purpose OS: allows interaction and batch processing reasonable to excellent user interface inherits characteristics of like environments already described.