1. Pediatrics Vaccinations for Children
By Komal Luthra
Independent Study Mentorship Spring Semester 2014
Mentor: Dr. Michael Binder M.D.
Teacher: Mrs. Kristi Click
Disclaimer: Some information in this presentation comes from outside sources.

2. Introduction Mentor: Dr. Binder, M.D. Pediatrician
Description: medical doctors who diagnose and treat infants, children, and adolescents
Education: 4-year college degree, 4 years of medical school, 3 years of residency
Certification: American Board of Pediatrics (ABP)
Weebly:

3. Mentorship Site UTMB Pediatric and Adult Primary Care

4. A look inside the patient rooms….

5. Did you know…..?
1.6 million people die from pneumococcal disease every year according to the Global Alliance for Vaccines Immunization program in March of This figure includes 800,000 younger children below the age of 5.
In 2005, 345,000 people died due to measles. 311,000 of those people were children under the age of five.
Each year in the U.S., hepatitis A infection causes 125,000 to 200,000 people to become ill, and 70 to 100 people die due to the infection.
A study showed that the recommended immunization series prevents approximately 10.5 million cases of infectious illness every year and 33,000 deaths in the United States only.
Measles infected about 56,000 Americans between 1989 and 1991 and killed 166 people.

6. Vaccinations
Killed or weakened organism that causes the body to build immunity against that organism
Can be injected or taken orally
Prevent diseases and infections such as diphtheria, hepatitis A, measles, polio, rubella, tetanus, varicella, and mumps
Helps protect public health
Types of Vaccines:
Live, attenuated vaccines
Inactivated vaccines
Subunit vaccines
Toxoid vaccines
Conjugate vaccines

7. How Do Vaccines Work? Work with body’s immune system
Imitate the infections without causing the illness
Causes the immune system to create the same response it does when a bacteria or virus enters the body
Makes the body able to fight the vaccine-preventable disease in the future

8. Ingredients in Vaccinations
Antigens- help the body develop immunity
Preservatives- prevent contamination
Thimerosal - mercury containing preservative
Stabilizers – help vaccines remain unchanged and stay potent during storage and transportation
Sugars and gelatin
Residual inactivating ingredients- kill viruses and inactivate toxins during the manufacturing process
Formaldehyde

9. Ingredients in Vaccines (continued)
Adjuvants - help stimulate the response to the antigens
Aluminum salts
Residual cell culture materials- help grow enough of the virus or bacteria to make the vaccine
Egg Protein
Residual antibiotics – prevent contamination by bacteria during the manufacturing process
Neomycin and sulfa drugs

10. Tdap Vaccine Protects you from tetanus, diphtheria, and pertussis
Tetanus (Lockjaw)
Tightening of the muscles
Kills 1 out of 5 people who are infected
Diphtheria
Formation of a thick coating in the back of the throat
Leads to breathing problems, paralysis, heart failure, and possibly death
Pertussis (Whooping cough)
Severe coughing spells
Leads to weight loss, incontinence, and rib fractures

11. Tdap Vaccine (continued)
One dose routinely given to children at the age of 11 or 12
Risks/Side effects
Mild: pain, redness, swelling, mild fever, headache, nausea, vomiting, chills, body aches, rash, and tiredness
Moderate: swelling of the entire arm and fever over 102ᵒF
Severe: swelling, severe pain, bleeding , and redness in the arm

12. MMR Vaccine Protects you from measles, mumps, and rubella Measles
Causes rash, cough, runny nose, eye irritation, and fever
Can lead to ear infection, pneumonia, seizures, brain damage, and possible death
Mumps
Causes fever, headache, muscle pain, and swollen glands
Can lead to deafness, meningitis, and painful swelling of the testicles or ovaries
Rubella
Causes rash, arthritis, and mild fever

13. MMR First dose: 12-15 months of age Second dose: 4-6 years of age
Risks/Side effects
Mild: fever, mild rash, swelling of the glands in the cheeks or the neck
Moderate: Seizure, temporary stiffness and pain in the joints, temporary low platelet count
Serious: serious allergic reaction, permanent brain damage, deafness, long-term seizures, and lowered consciousness

14. Immunization Schedule from the UTMB Pediatric Clinic

15. Survey
Purpose: to address the concerns of the parents and gain an understanding of their views of vaccinations
21 paper surveys were given to parents in the pediatric clinic
33 online surveys were given to family friends and teachers who have children

16. Survey Results
Question 2: Do you believe that vaccinations are beneficial?
52 parents answered “yes” to this question while 2 parents answered “no”. About 96% of parents answered “yes” to this question. 100% of the parents who took the paper survey answered “yes” while 93.9% of parents who took the online survey answered “yes”.

17. Question 3: Have you ever researched about vaccines and their side effects?
42 parents answered “yes” to this question while 12 answered “no”. About 22% of parents have not researched about vaccines and their side effects.

18. Question 4: Has your child ever experienced any side effects from the vaccines?
24 parents answered “yes” to this question while 30 parents answered “no” to this question. The percentages are 44.4% and 55.6%, respectively.

19. Question 5: Have you ever felt worried or concerned about your child being vaccinated?
16 parents answered “yes” while 38 answered “no”. The percentages are 30% and 70 % respectively.

20. Question 6: Do you think or have you ever thought that you should wait to have your child vaccinated?
15 parents answered “yes” to this question while 39 answered “no”. The percentages are 28% and 72% respectively.

21. Question 7:  Are you worried or have you been worried about your child receiving multiple vaccines at one time?
24 parents answered “yes” while 30 answered “no” to this question. The percentages are 44% and 56% respectively.

22. Question 8: Do you believe that vaccines cause autism and/or sudden infant death syndrome?
8 parents answered “yes” to this question while 46 answered “no”. The percentages are 15% and 85% respectively.

23. Question 9: What are some side effects that you are aware of
Question 9: What are some side effects that you are aware of? If you are not aware of any, please leave this question blank.
Allergic reaction
Fever
Irritability/discomfort
Behavioral changes
Seizures
Soreness at the injection site
Eczema
Pain
Nausea

24. Question 10: Do you have any questions about vaccinations?
3 parents answered “yes” to this question while 51 answered “no”. The percentages are 6% and 94% respectively.

25. Final Product: Educational Pamphlet
Purpose: to educate parents about vaccinations and addresses their concerns
Includes information about the side effects, why one should not wait to vaccinate, why the misconceptions are not true, diseases that are prevented by vaccinations, and why children need to be vaccinated

26. 6 Misconceptions of Vaccinations
Infections/diseases started to disappear before vaccines were introduced.
Most of the people who get a disease have been vaccinated.
There are “hot lots” of vaccines that have been associated with more harmful effects than the others.
Vaccines cause harmful side effects, death, and other unknown long-term effects.
Vaccines-preventable diseases have been eliminated from the U.S., so there is not need to be vaccinated.
Giving a child multiple vaccines for different diseases at one time increases the risk for harmful side effects and causes the immune system to become overloaded.

27. Vaccines and Autism
1998- Dr. Wakefield’s study which included a description of 12 children with diarrhea and abdominal pain
2002-Dr. Wakefield’s paper claimed that 75 out of 91 children with autism had the measles virus genome in intestinal biopsy tissues.
Study published in the British Medical Journal found no rise in the incidence of autism in children who received the MMR vaccine
23 studies refute a connection between MMR and autism
Only 3 studies suggest a connection between MMR and autism

28. Do not wait to have your child vaccinated! Vaccinate them TODAY!

29. Thank You! 
During this mentorship experience, I had the opportunity to observe pediatric patient care. I learned a lot about the importance of vaccinations and the concerns of parents. This mentorship has increased my interest in medicine. I would like to thank my mentor, Dr. Michael Binder, Mrs. Kristi Click, and my parents, Dr. Gurinder Luthra and Mrs. Bhawna Luthra for making this mentorship a great learning experience.

30. Works Cited
"Basics." Vaccines.gov. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, n.d. Web. 20 Feb <
“How Vaccines Prevent Diseases." Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 08 Mar Web. 21 Feb <
“Immunization." World of Microbiology and Immunology. Ed. Brenda Wilmoth Lerner and K. Lee Lerner. : Gale, N. pag. Science in Context. Web. 10 Apr < =&query=&prodId=SCIC&windowstate=normal&contentModules=&mode=view&displayGro upName=Reference&limiter=&currPage=&disableHighlighting=false&displayGroups=&sortB y=&search_within_results=&p=SCIC&action=e&catId=&activityType=&scanId=&documentI d=GALE|CV &source=Bookmark&u=leag77573&jsid=6c71fe4ded3d731f863c3f2a e9974bfb>.
Immunization Action Coalition (IAC): Vaccine Information for Health Care Professionals. Immunization Action Coalition, n.d. Web. 4 Apr <
"Immunization." American Academy of Pediatrics. American Academy of Pediatrics, n.d. Web. 3 Mar <

31. Works Cited (continued)
"Pediatrician: Career Summary, Job Outlook, and Educational Requirements." Pediatrician: Career Summary, Job Outlook, and Educational Requirements. DegreeDirectory.org, n.d. Web Feb < ducational_Requirements.html>.
Turkington, Carol, and Bonnie Lee Ashby. "Vaccine." Health Reference Center. Facts On File, Inc. Web. 6 Apr <
5&iPin=EIDT0607&SingleRecord=True>. 
"Vaccines and Immunizations." Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, n.d. Web. 22 Feb <
"Vaccine Information Sheets (VIS)." Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 24 Jan Web. 22 Feb <
"Whooping Cough / Pertussis - Causes - Symptoms - Diagnosis - Treatment - Prevention | Medindia." Medindia. N.p., n.d. Web. 20 Apr <
"Why Vaccinate?" Vaccinate Your Baby. Every Child By Two, n.d. Web. 22 Feb <