1. Imperialism

2. Out with the old When Europeans first travelled the globe they saw the need to exploit the territories they claimed. The territories were controlled and colonised. Europeans sought to replicate their culture and society around the world. American Colonies. From 1600 to 1850, this was the preferred style of development. In this period the major colonisers were: British, French, Spanish, Portuguese, and Dutch. During the 1700s, wars fought in Europe were transposed into these colonies. Namely, the British waged war on their enemies colonies to economically cripple them. It was immensely successful! By the first quarter of the nineteenth century, Britain was the dominate colonial power.

3. What Changed in a Century

4. An Uneasy Feeling The success of the British in creating a huge colonial system also coincided with more powerful forced – Victorianism Morality and Liberalism. They did not always work together, but instead helped created a distorted sense of right and wrong and sense of equity. Imperialism: The economic, political control of a nation / region through indirect control.

5. The Break The shift away from colonialism to imperialism was not a gradual process. For the British, it was the Indian Mutiny of 1857. The British had defeated the rival French and Dutch colonies in India by 1757 (war of Austrian Succession) and consolidated their power through the East India Company. The Company, like the Hudson’s Bay Company, existed on a Royal Charter to trade in the name of the British State. They were not subject to local, or even most British laws. The Company set up its own administration, its own offices, recruited people to immigrate and built its own army. In 1857, units from the Indian Army led a violent and bloody rebellion against the British

6. Outcome The British brutally suppressed the rebels and re-imposed order. Queen Victoria blamed the older system of colonialism and advocated a direct transfer of power over to the British Government. The British did not take direct control, or try to impose British culture on the Indians. They looked for local rulers and western trained administrators to run the show while they held power through the head of the government (Governor) and the military. The Indian people were “free” as long as the British Government let them. Nigeria= pop 20 mil, 400 white administrators Sudan = pop 9 mil, 140 white administrators Looking at this shift the French also adopted the same approach. They did not need to send people to settle, they only had to control the mechanisms of power.

7. The Scramble for Africa The shift marks a renewed interest in Africa. Before 1850, it was mainly colonised along the coast, not the interior. The British needed to maintain a chain of coaling stations from Europe to India Starting in the 1870s, the European powers had internalised the idea that a “great” nation needed foreign territory. The reason was namely trade. The industrialisation of Europe meant that there was an increased need for raw resources to be sent back to Europe and a market to dump all their finished goods.

9. Legacy In their effort to create an empire the Europeans redrew the map of Africa. When the “Scramble” was over 10,000 identifiable ethnic, religious and cultural groups had been pushed into 40 states or protectorates. Rwanda, Congo, Sudan, South Africa As part of their power struggle, pieces of Africa were traded around by the Europeans National boundaries were straight lines drawn on a map, disregarding terrain or ethnicity. Long time enemies are together – Uganda, Chad, Sudan, Nigeria Groups divided arbitrarily = Congo, Somaliland