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Post-Impressionism
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French phenomenon that included French artists like Gauguin, Cezanne, Toulouse-Lautrec and the Dutchman van Gogh Careers spanned Their canvases shone with rainbow-bright colour patches
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The Post-Impressionists were dissatisfied with Impressionism
They wanted art to be more substantial, not completely dedicated to capturing a passing moment Monet (fleeting moment) van Gogh (emotion and sensation through colour and light) 3
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They were split into two groups
Seurat and Cezanne concentrated on formal, near scientific design- Seurat with his dot theory and Cezanne with his colour planes. Gaughin, van Gogh, and Lautrec, emphasized expressing their emotions and sensations through colour and light Twentieth-century art, with its extremes of individual styles from Cubism to Surrealism, grew out of these two trends
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Formal Design v.s. Expressing Emotion and Sensations
Seurat Van Gogh Cezanne Gaughin
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Seurat
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Always wore a top hat and dark suit with precisely pressed trousers
He was just as meticulous in his art His method was known as pointillism He applied confetti-sized dots of pure, unmixed colour over the whole canvas
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He theorized that complementary colours, set side by side, would mix in the viewer’s eye with greater luminosity than if mixed on the painter’s palette His method was so intensive he only finished seven large paintings in his decade-long career Died at age 31
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His most celebrated work, A Sunday on La Grande Jatte took him two years and forty preliminary colour studies Seurat, A Sunday on La Grande Jatte,
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For Seurat, warm colours (the orange-red family) connoted action and gaiety, as did lines of moving upward Dark, cool colours (blue-green) and descending lines evoked sadness Middle tones or a balance of warm and cool colours, and lateral lines conveyed calm and stasis
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Seurat’s last painting, “Le Cirque” (circus), conveys a mood of frenetic activity
The acid yellow and orange colours and upward-curving lines of the performers contrast jarringly with the muted spectators ranged horizontally in static rows Seurat, Le Cirque, 1891
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Toulouse-Lautrec
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He caricatured his own deformed appearance in bitter self-portraits
Born to France’s most blueblood family- the 1,000-year-old Counts of Toulouse Lautrec was a self-imposed exile from high society due to a childhood tragedy
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As a teenager, he broke both legs, which atrophied, giving him a five foot stature with a child’s short legs, the powerful torso of a man, and a grossly disproportionate head He abandoned his love of riding and shooting his interest in art His teacher pronounced his early drawings “simply awful”
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He was an alcoholic and syphilitic
He consorted with bohemians (a person who has unconventional social habits) and social outcasts For his series paintings of bored prostitutes lounging around dreary bordellos, he lived in a brothel for a time
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Work was similar to Degas in style and content
Drew his subjects from contemporary life: Parisian theatres, dance halls, and circuses Portrayed movement and private moments through slice-of-life glimpses with abrupt, photo graphic cropping Primary interests were actresses with doubtful morality, entertainers, acrobats, and prostitutes
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Asymmetrical cropping derived from their mutual admiration of Japanese prints
Almost all of Lautrec’s paintings are of figures in interior night scenes lit by glaring, artificial light Toulouse-Lautrec, At the Moulin Rouge, 1892
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Beginning about 1890, he designed posters of bold visual simplicity
Toulouse-Lautrec, Divan Japonaise
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Paul Cezanne
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Was a loner who felt alien in the city
Even among the Impressionists he was considered beyond the pale Manet called him a “farceur” (a joke) Degas thought he was a wild man because of his provincial accent, comical clothes, and unorthodox painting style
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The public denounced Cezanne’s paintings with vengeance
At the first Impressionist exhibit in 1874, sneering crowds were loudest around Cezanne’s paintings Stung by ridicule, he retreated to Aix He was obscure until his first one-man show in 1895, after which he was seen as a “Sage” by the younger generation
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Cezanne’s work was radical at the time because of his new take on surface appearances
He penetrated to its underlying geometry “Reproduce nature in terms of the cylinder and the sphere and the cone,” he advised Simplify particular objects into near abstract forms fundamental to all reality
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He painted this subject matter over 60 times
To create the illusion of depth, he placed cool colours like blue, which seem to recede, at rear and warm colours like red, which seem to advance, in front Paul Cézanne, Mont Sainte-Victoire, , oil on canvas, 73 x 91.9 cm (Philadelphia Museum of Art)
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He was as systematic in his still lifes
“Cezanne arranged the fruit, contrasting the tones one against another, making complementaries vibrate, the greens against the reds, the yellows against the blues, tilting, turning, balancing the fruit as he wanted it to be…” Cezanne, Still Life with Apples and Oranges,
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In his last ten years, he was obsessed with the theme of nude bathers in an outdoor setting
Because of his extreme slowness in execution, his shyness, and a fear of his prudish neighbors’ suspicions, Cezanne did not work from live models Cezanne, Large Bathers, 1905
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Paul Gauguin
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Lived in Peru as a child Spent six years before the mast as a young man sailing to exotic ports For more than a decade he was prosperous Parisian stock broker, a middle-class father of five who took up Sunday painting in 1873
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By 1883, Gauguin had ditched his new family for his new love- art
He paraded the boulevards with a monkey on his shoulder and an outlandishly dressed Javanese girl on his arm Became a full-time painter at 35, he headed to Pont-aven in Brittany A Javanese Girl at Her Toilette Painting
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He transformed colours and distored shapes to convey his emotional response to a scene
Gauguin spent his last ten years in the South Seas, where he felt free at last He lived in a native hut with a 13-year-old Tahitian mistress Simplified figures, the firm outlines, rich colours- especially lilac, pink and lemon
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Paul Gauguin Tahitian Women (on the beach) 1891
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Paul Gauguin Vision After the Sermon, Jacob Wrestling with the Angel 1888
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Paul Gauguin Spirit of the Dead Watching 1892
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Vincent Van Gogh
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Brief ten year career When van Gogh discovered Impressionism in Paris, his work underwent a drastic change He switched from dark to bright colours and from social realist themes to light-drenched, outdoor scenes
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Even though van Gogh adopted the broken brushstroke and bright complementary colours of the impressionists, his art was always original He threw himself into paintings with a therapeutic frenzy, producing 800 paintings and as many drawings in ten years.
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He painted all day-without stopping to eat-at white-hot speed and then continued painting into the night with candles stuck to his hat brim Rejected by several woman, when a Dutch spinster finally accepted him, her parents forbade the match and she poisoned herself
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Prototype for the suffering genius
After a fight with Gauguin, van Gogh threatens him with a straight razor and then later that night, slices off his left ear lobe, wrapped it in a handkerchief, and presented it to a prostitute
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Vincent Van Gogh Sunflowers 1888
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Van Gogh Room at Arles, 1889
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Vincent Van Gogh Starry Night 1889
Produced “Starry Night” while he was a patient in the Saint-Remy asylum The stars and moon explode with energy In van Gogh’s last seventy days, he painted seventy canvases 40
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Vincent Van Gogh Self-Portrait 1889
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Vincent Van Gogh Self Portrait with Bandaged Ear 1889
Did nearly 40 self-portraits in oil Done two weeks after his disastrous quarrel with Gauguin and self-mutilation Used very few colours Concentrated on agony in the eyes He died in 1890 from a self-inflicted gunshot wound at the age of 37.
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