1. SO 2 from TOVS, Prata, Bates and Jackson 27 Feb - 5 March, 2002ITSC-XII Lorne, Victoria A New Method for the Retrieval of Upper Troposphere/Lower Stratosphere Sulfur Dioxide from Global Long-term TOVS Measurements Fred Prata, CSIRO Atmospheric Research, Australia John Bates, NOAA-ETL, USA Darren Jackson, NOAA-ETL, USA

2. SO 2 from TOVS, Prata, Bates and Jackson 27 Feb - 5 March, 2002ITSC-XII Lorne, Victoria SO 2 Budgets Source SO 2 SO 4 Fossil-fuel combustion +industry702.2 Biomass burning2.80.1 Oceans–40–320 Plants+soils–2–4 Volcanoes7–82–4 Units: Tg(S) yr -1 Source: Berresheim et al. (1995)

3. SO 2 from TOVS, Prata, Bates and Jackson 27 Feb - 5 March, 2002ITSC-XII Lorne, Victoria The volcanic plume from Hekla on 29 th of February

4. SO 2 from TOVS, Prata, Bates and Jackson 27 Feb - 5 March, 2002ITSC-XII Lorne, Victoria Infrared image (11 µm) x Encounter

5. SO 2 from TOVS, Prata, Bates and Jackson 27 Feb - 5 March, 2002ITSC-XII Lorne, Victoria Difference image (11-12 µm) x Encounter

6. SO 2 from TOVS, Prata, Bates and Jackson 27 Feb - 5 March, 2002ITSC-XII Lorne, Victoria 7.3 µm image x Encounter

7. SO 2 from TOVS, Prata, Bates and Jackson 27 Feb - 5 March, 2002ITSC-XII Lorne, Victoria 27 D.U.

8. SO 2 from TOVS, Prata, Bates and Jackson 27 Feb - 5 March, 2002ITSC-XII Lorne, Victoria TOMS SO 2 (m atm-cm) 30 18 6 24 D.U. 27 February, 2000

9. SO 2 from TOVS, Prata, Bates and Jackson 27 Feb - 5 March, 2002ITSC-XII Lorne, Victoria MODIS channels and SO 2 Line Strengths

10. SO 2 from TOVS, Prata, Bates and Jackson 27 Feb - 5 March, 2002ITSC-XII Lorne, Victoria SO2 line strengths Transmission Brightness temperature (t.o.a) Difference (Kelvin)

11. SO 2 from TOVS, Prata, Bates and Jackson 27 Feb - 5 March, 2002ITSC-XII Lorne, Victoria Weighting functions and transmission vs absorber amount

12. SO 2 from TOVS, Prata, Bates and Jackson 27 Feb - 5 March, 2002ITSC-XII Lorne, Victoria MODTRAN simulations

13. SO 2 from TOVS, Prata, Bates and Jackson 27 Feb - 5 March, 2002ITSC-XII Lorne, Victoria The Retrieval Scheme: Get radiances for HIRS channels 8 (11.11 µm), 11 (7.34 µm) and 12 (6.76 µm) Synthesise 7.3 µm channel from the 6.7 µm and 11.1 µm channels by linear interpolation in radiance Compute difference  T=T* 7.3 -T 7.3 (T* is the synthetic BT) Exclude pixels with T 11 < 220 K Compute SO 2 amount using model from RT simulations: Log 10 [SO 2 ]=c 0 +c 1  T+c 2  T 2 +c 3  T 3

14. SO 2 from TOVS, Prata, Bates and Jackson 27 Feb - 5 March, 2002ITSC-XII Lorne, Victoria

15. SO 2 from TOVS, Prata, Bates and Jackson 27 Feb - 5 March, 2002ITSC-XII Lorne, Victoria

16. SO 2 from TOVS, Prata, Bates and Jackson 27 Feb - 5 March, 2002ITSC-XII Lorne, Victoria

17. SO 2 from TOVS, Prata, Bates and Jackson 27 Feb - 5 March, 2002ITSC-XII Lorne, Victoria

18. SO 2 from TOVS, Prata, Bates and Jackson 27 Feb - 5 March, 2002ITSC-XII Lorne, Victoria MODIS retrieval for Hekla, Feb 2000 eruption Approximate aircraft track

19. SO 2 from TOVS, Prata, Bates and Jackson 27 Feb - 5 March, 2002ITSC-XII Lorne, Victoria SOLVE (NASA DC-8) in situ SO 2 measurements and MODIS retrievals show good agreement Integrated across plume: SOLVE=248 ppmV MODIS=241 ppmV

20. SO 2 from TOVS, Prata, Bates and Jackson 27 Feb - 5 March, 2002ITSC-XII Lorne, Victoria

21. SO 2 from TOVS, Prata, Bates and Jackson 27 Feb - 5 March, 2002ITSC-XII Lorne, Victoria

22. SO 2 from TOVS, Prata, Bates and Jackson 27 Feb - 5 March, 2002ITSC-XII Lorne, Victoria TOVSTOMS

23. SO 2 from TOVS, Prata, Bates and Jackson 27 Feb - 5 March, 2002ITSC-XII Lorne, Victoria TOVSTOMS

24. SO 2 from TOVS, Prata, Bates and Jackson 27 Feb - 5 March, 2002ITSC-XII Lorne, Victoria Eruption of Cerro Hudson, southern Chile 7-27 August, 1991

25. SO 2 from TOVS, Prata, Bates and Jackson 27 Feb - 5 March, 2002ITSC-XII Lorne, Victoria Very cold scene temperatures (T<220 K) cause anomalies in retrieval scheme

26. SO 2 from TOVS, Prata, Bates and Jackson 27 Feb - 5 March, 2002ITSC-XII Lorne, Victoria Anomalies are removed by excluding pixels where T 11 < 220 K SO 2 above very cold surfaces difficult to retrieve by this method

27. SO 2 from TOVS, Prata, Bates and Jackson 27 Feb - 5 March, 2002ITSC-XII Lorne, Victoria

28. SO 2 from TOVS, Prata, Bates and Jackson 27 Feb - 5 March, 2002ITSC-XII Lorne, Victoria Different orbits give different mass loadings, but very similar mass densities NOAA-10-> 0.653 t km -2 (mass loading=0.98 Mt) NOAA-11-> 0.658 t km -2 (mass loading=0.33 Mt) NOAA-12-> 0.655 t km -2 (mass loading=0.86 Mt)

29. SO 2 from TOVS, Prata, Bates and Jackson 27 Feb - 5 March, 2002ITSC-XII Lorne, Victoria Mt St Helens, May, 1980

30. SO 2 from TOVS, Prata, Bates and Jackson 27 Feb - 5 March, 2002ITSC-XII Lorne, Victoria Ash detection

31. SO 2 from TOVS, Prata, Bates and Jackson 27 Feb - 5 March, 2002ITSC-XII Lorne, Victoria SO 2 detection

32. SO 2 from TOVS, Prata, Bates and Jackson 27 Feb - 5 March, 2002ITSC-XII Lorne, Victoria Pinatubo 15 June - 15 July, 1991

33. SO 2 from TOVS, Prata, Bates and Jackson 27 Feb - 5 March, 2002ITSC-XII Lorne, Victoria SO 2 in the lower stratosphere and upper troposphere can be retrieved from the HIRS 7.3 µm channel Day/night, global, long-term (>22 years) capability Ozone/SO 2 studies possible Ash vs SO 2 vs H 2 SO 4 discrimination possible Impact on humidity soundings using 7.3 µm channel (RT models should consider SO 2 absorption) Climate applications - radiative effects using all TOVS channels CONCLUSIONS

34. SO 2 from TOVS, Prata, Bates and Jackson 27 Feb - 5 March, 2002ITSC-XII Lorne, Victoria El Chichon, March 1982