1. ©NIDEA 1 Tahu Kukutai 11 April 2012 University of Waikato Ethnic diversity in the population census: A global analysis Victor Thompson Rider University

2. ©NIDEA 2 Theories of ethnic counting Background on Ethnicity Counts? project Data analysis if countries count by ethnicity how ethnicity operationalised change over time Concluding thoughts Outline

3. ©NIDEA 3 Ethnic counting a political exercise Imposed from top down Different policy uses (e.g., monitor discrimination) Highlights the local and specific Champions case study approach Theories of ethnic counting

4. ©NIDEA 4 Purpose: Describe key patterns of ethnic enumeration over time and place Identify conditions associated with different strategies Comparative theory of ethnic counting Ethnicity Counts? project

5. ©NIDEA 5 Data collected to date 1990 round2000 round2010 round Total # countries238 # countries with census 197195169 # coded131169108 % coded66.586.763.9

6. ©NIDEA 6 Ethnic identity vs Civic identity ethnicity ethnic nationality race & colour ancestry/descent/origin indigenous group & tribe cultural group language & mother tongue citizenship civic nationality migration status place of birth parental place of birth

7. ©NIDEA 7 Ethnic nationality: Estonia

8. ©NIDEA 8 Ethnic nationality: Nauru

9. ©NIDEA 9 Civic nationality: Switzerland

10. ©NIDEA 10 Per cent 199020002010 Ethnic counting73.378.786.1 Top 5 terms Language36.642.047.2 Ethnicity22.934.337.0 Mother tongue19.923.725.9 Ethnic nationality6.920.129.6 Race9.29.511.1 Ethnic identity

11. ©NIDEA 11 199020002010 RegionPer cent Africa68.670.176.0 Asia73.177.179.2 Europe58.372.985.7 Oceania92.990.089.5 N. America86.987.194.1 S. America66.788.9100.0 Ethnic counting by region

12. ©NIDEA 12 Race = Americas Ethnic nationality = Europe Ethnic origins = Oceania & N America Ethnicity = spread Mother tongue = Europea Indigenous status = S America Regional variation in terminology

13. ©NIDEA 13 Per cent 199020002010 Civic counting94.795.994.4 Top 4 terms Place of birth86.389.988.9 Citizenship22.939.639.8 Nationality (civic)44.938.036.6 Parental birth place3.84.714.8 Civic identity

14. ©NIDEA 14 Ethnic and civic identity Per cent 199020002010 Ethnic only2.33.05.6 Civic only23.720.113.9 Ethnic & Civic71.075.780.6 None3.11.20.0

15. ©NIDEA 15 State recognition of: Hybridity Subjectivity “Ethnification” of national identity Multiple dimensions Other dimensions of ethnic diversity

16. ©NIDEA 16 Hybridity: Tokelau

17. ©NIDEA 17 Subjectivity: St Lucia

18. ©NIDEA 18 Multiple dimensions: New Zealand

19. ©NIDEA 19 Ethnification of national identity: Canada

20. ©NIDEA 20 Possibilities beyond indirect markers (e.g., country of birth) Look beyond the 1 st generation Harmonization across countries challenging Weakening of nation-based notions of identity and ascendance of ethnic/cultural identities Relevance for immigration + diversity

21. ©NIDEA 21