1. American Government McGraw- Hill © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1998 Proposed amendments since 1965 (Continued on next slide) Source: From Harold W. Stanley and Richard G. Niemi, Vital Statistics in American Policy, (Washington, D.C: Congressional Quarterly Press, 1994) pp. 28-29. Used by permission. Vice presidential succession,Cleared Congress July 6, 1965; ratified by states presidential disability February 10, 1967. 25th Amendment. School prayer authorizationRejected by Senate in 1966 by nine votes; rejected by House in 1971 by 28 votes; rejected by Senate in 1984 by 11 votes. Direct election of presidentPassed by House 1969; died in Senate filibuster 1970; rejected by Senate in 1979 by 15 votes. Voting age of 18Cleared Congress March 23, 1971; ratified by states June 30, 1971. 26th Amendment. Equal Rights AmendmentCleared Congress March 22, 1972; ratification deadline extended by Congress October 6, 1978; deadline expired June 30, 1982, after 35 states (of 38 needed) had approved it.

2. American Government McGraw- Hill © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1998 Proposed amendments since 1965 (Continued from previous slide) Source: From Harold W. Stanley and Richard G. Niemi, Vital Statistics in American Policy, (Washington, D.C: Congressional Quarterly Press, 1994) pp. 28-29. Used by permission. Require super-majority for tax increases D.C. voting representation in Congress Cleared Congress August 22, 1978; ratification deadline expired August 22, 1985, after 16 states (of 38 needed) had approved it. Prohibit busing for school desegregation House rejected in 1979 by 75 votes. Balanced budget requirementPassed by Senate in 1982, rejected in House by 46 votes. Between 1983 and 1994 six different versions reached the floor of the House or Senate but were defeated by close margins. In 1995 passed the House but defeated in Senate by two votes. Defeated in the Senate again in 1996 and 1997. No constitutional right to abortion Rejected by Senate in 1983 by 18 votes. Term limits for senators and representatives Rejected in House in 1995 by 61 votes. Prohibit flag desecrationPassed by House in 1995; rejected in Senate by 3 votes. Rejected in House in 1996.

3. American Government McGraw- Hill © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1998 Reprinted with the permission of the New York Times. Jan. 22.1973 InRoe v. Wade,the Court overturned a Texas law that made abortion a crime except to save a pregnant woman's life; the Court ruled that the constitutional right to privacy encompassed a woman's decision to terminate pregnancy. Jan. 22, 1973 InRose v.Bolton,the Court struck down restrictions on places that could be used to perform abortions. The decision gave rise to the abortion clinic. July 1, 1976 In Planned Parenthood v. Danforth, the Court struck down a Missouri law requiring a married woman to have her husband's consent for an abortion; the Court also said parents of minor, unwed girls cannot be given an absolute veto over abortions. June 20, 1977 InMaher v. Roe, the Court held that a state is not constitutionally required to pay for abortions for poor women. Jan. 29, 1979 InColautti v. Franklin,the Court ruled unconstitutional a Pennsylvania law that required a doctor performing an abortion to choose the abortion method most likely to save the life of the fetus that might be old enough to survive outside the womb. July 2, 1979 InBellottiv.Baird,the Court ruled that a state may not require teen-agers to have their parents' consent for an abortion unless the law also provides, as an alternate procedure, that teen -agers can obtain permission from a judge. June 30, 1980 InHarris v.McRaethe Court upheld the Hyde Amendment, the Federal law banning the use of Federal Medicaid money for abortions for poor women. March 23, 1981 InH. L. v. Matheson,the Court ruled that a state may require a doctor to inform a teenaged girl's parents before performing an abortion or face criminal penalties, at least when the girl is still living at home and dependent on her parents. June 15, 1983 In three decisions, led by City of Akron v. Akron Center for Reproductive Health,the Court struck down a law requiring women seeking abortions to wait at least 24 hours after receiving counseling that included the statement that "the unborn child is a human life from the moment of conception." June 11, 1986 InThornburgh v. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists,the Court struck down the 1982 version of Pennsylvania's Abortion Control Act, requiring that women be given specific "informed consent" information intended to discourage abortions. July 3, 1989 InWebsterv.Reproductive Health Services,the Court upheld a Missouri law that barred the use of public hospitals or clinics for abortions, with an analysis that for the first time indicated that a majority of the Court no longer considered abortion to be a "fundamental" constitutional right. June 25, 1990 InHodgson v. Minnesota and Ohio v. Akron Center for Reproductive Health,the Court again addressed the question of parental notification. In the Minnesota case the Justices said a state may require a teen-age girl to notify both parents before obtaining an abortion, as long as the law provides the alternative of a judicial hearing. In the Ohio case, the Court upheld the state's law requiring notifica tion of one parent while also allowing the judicial alternative. Jan. 29, 1992 InPlanned Parenthood v. Casey,the Supreme Court reaffirmed what is called the "essence" of the constitutional right to abortion while at the same time permitting some new state restrictions. Jan. 13, 1993 InBray v. Alexandria Women's Health Clinic,the Court ruled that a Reconstruction -era civil rights law enacted to protect blacks from the Ku Klux Klan did not give Federal judges jurisdiction to bar anti -abortion protesters from blockading abortion clinics. The Supreme Court and the evolution of abortion law

4. American Government McGraw- Hill © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1998 Source: Freedom House, Richmond, VA. Used by permission. The status of freedom in the world (Continued on next slide) AndorraCyprusLiechtensteinNorway AustraliaDenmarkLuxembourgPortugal AustriaDominicaMaltaSan Marino BarbadosFinlandMarshall IslandsSweden BelgiumIcelandMicronesiaSwitzerland BelizeIrelandNetherlandsTuvalu CanadaKiribatiNew ZealandUnited States BahamasHungaryPoland South Africa Cape VerdeItalySt. Kitts and Nevis Spain Costa RicaJapanSt. Lucia Trinidad and Tobago Czech RepublicLithuaniaSt. Vincent & United Kingdom FranceMauritius Sao Tome and Principe GermanyMonaco Slovenia GrenadaPalau Solomon Islands BeninEstoniaKorea, SouthVanuatu BotswanaGreeceLatviaWestern Samoa BulgariaGuyanaNauru ChileIsraelUruguay ArgentinaMalawiNamibia EcuadorMaliPanama JamaicaMongoliaSlovakia Free 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 Grenadines

5. American Government McGraw- Hill © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1998 Source: Freedom House, Richmond, VA. Used by permission. The status of freedom in the world (Continued on next slide) (Continued from previous slide) BoliviaHondurasPhilippinesTaiwan BrazilMadagascarSeychellesVenezuela El SalvadorPapua New GuineaSuriname AlbaniaDominican RepublicMozambiqueRussia Antigua and BarbudaFijiNepalThailand BangladeshGuinea-BissauParaguayUkraine Central African RepublicMacedoniaRomaniaZambia ArmeniaCroatiaKyrgyz RepublicNicaragua ColombiaGhanaLesothoNiger ComorosIndiaMexicoPakistan CongoJordanMoldovaTonga Burkina-FasoGeorgiaPeruUganda EthiopiaGuatemalaSenegal GabonMalaysiaSri Lanka BelarusKuwaitTanzania EritreaMoroccoTurkey HaitiSingaporeZimbabwe Partly Free 3.0 5.0 4.5 4.0 3.5

6. American Government McGraw- Hill © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1998 Source: Freedom House, Richmond, VA. Used by permission. The status of freedom in the world (Continued from previous slide) ChadGuineaSwazilandUnited Arab Emirates Côte d’IvoireKazakhstanTogoYemen DjiboutiLebanonTunisia AlgeriaBosnia-HerzegovinaEgyptYugoslavia AngolaBruneiMaldives AzerbaijanCambodiaMauritania BahrainCameroonOman BurundiIranLiberiaSierra Leone The GambiaKenyaQatarZaire IndonesiaLaosRwanda AfghanistanEquatorial GuineaSaudi ArabiaTurkmenistan BhutanIraqSomaliaUzbekistan BurmaKorea, NorthSudan ChinaLibyaSyria CubaNigeriaTajikistan Not Free 5.5 6.5 6.0 7.0