1. Learning Styles P. 59 (How languages are learned)
p (Principles of language learning

2. Defining Learning Styles
Each individual’s preferred way of processing and retaining new information. (p.59)
General characteristics and preferences of intellectual functions that are different from one person to another. (p.119)

3. Types of Styles COGNITIVE LEARNING STYLES LEFT BRAIN RIGHT BRAIN1
COGNITIVE LEARNING STYLES
Field independent Vs Field dependent 2
LEFT BRAIN
RIGHT BRAIN 3
PERCEPTUAL LEARNING STYLES
Visual - Auditory - Kenisthetic

4. COGNITIVE STYLES FIELD INDEPENDANT FIELD DEPENDENT
Ability to observe parts and details from a whole.
Personality: independent/ confident
SECOND LANGUAGE LEARNING: successful learning through class exercises, activities
Ability to observe the whole picture and general ideas.
Personality: social/ sympathetic
SECOND LANGUAGE LEARNING: successful learning through communication.

5. THE BRAIN p.125 LEFT BRAIN DOMINANCE
Logical, analytic, mathematical processing.
FIELD INDEPENDENT
Deductive teaching in the classroom.
Old teaching methods failed because they relied on left-brain processes.
RIGHT BRAIN DOMINANCE
Visual, images, holistic, emotional information.
FIELD DEPENDENT
Inductive teaching.

6. PERCEPTUAL STYLES p.129
VISUAL: leaners prefer reading charts, drawings, graphics.
AUDITORY: Prefer listening to lectures and audio studying.
KENISTHETIC: Learners prefer to act, demonstrate, physical activity, movement.

7. HOW DOES RESEARCH ON STYLES GUIDE TEACHERS?
Teachers should help student become aware of their learning styles (by using questionnaires, informing)
Encourage students to expand their style preference and try other styles.
Help students take charge of their own learning and know their strengths (Autonomy)
Eventually leading students to take appropriate actions in their language learning challenges.
Teachers must know that a single method or book will never suit the needs of all learners. Thus the need to vary methods.