2. Preservation and Storage  meat is highly perishable  spoils quickly  create conditions that are unfavorable to growth of spoilage organisms

3. Preservation and Storage  drying  smoking  salting  Refrigeration  freezing  canning  freeze-drying

4. Preservation and Storage  meat provides an ideal environment for microbial growth  molds  yeast  bacteria

5. Molds  multi-cellular, multicolored organisms  have fuzzy, mildew-like appearance  spread by spores that float in the air or transported by contact with objects

6. Yeasts  large, unicellular bud and spore forms  spread by contact or in air currents  most colonies are white to creamy in color  usually moist or slimy in appearance or to the touch

7. Temperature  can influence the rate and kind of microbial growth

8. Microbial growthMicrobial growth  affected by temperature  moisture  oxygen  pH physical form of the meat

9. Psychrophiles  grow in cooler temperatures  32-68 degrees F

10. Thermophiles  grow best in warmer temperatures  45-65 degrees F

11. Mesophiles  growth optimum between psycro’s and thermo’s

12. Moisture  greatly affect the growth of certain microbes  must have moisture to reproduce

13. Oxygen  availability determines the type of microbe that grows  aerobic - require free oxygen  anaerobic - grow in the absence of oxygen

14. Oxygen  facultative - grow with or without free oxygen  vacuum packaging helps to inhibit growth of aerobic organisms

15. pH  optimum pH for most microbes is near neutral (pH 7)  Molds - 2.0 - 8.0  Yeasts 4.0 - 4.5

16. pH  bacteria 5.2 - 7.0  meat and meat by-products range from 4.8 - 6.8  meat conditions favor the growth of molds, yeast and acidolphilic bacteria

17. Curing and SmokingCuring and Smoking  documented as far back as 850 B.C. by the Chinese  smoking and salting (curing) only methods of preservation known

18. Curing and SmokingCuring and Smoking  imparts a particular flavor  few people in the US still rely on curing and smoking to preserve meat

19. Curing and SmokingCuring and Smoking  salt and nitrite - two main ingredients  sugar, ascorbate, erythorbate, phosphates, and delta gluconolactone

20. Curing and SmokingCuring and Smoking  salt is used in amounts to give flavor as opposed to amounts needed to preserve the meat

21. Curing and SmokingCuring and Smoking  nitrates used to impart the cured color and flavor and inhibit bacteria action  cannot amount to more than 120 ppm

22. Curing and SmokingCuring and Smoking  oldest method is dry curing  cure ingredients are rubbed onto surface of meat

23. Curing and SmokingCuring and Smoking  injection curing  pump curing solution (brine) into meat  shortens curing time

24. Curing and SmokingCuring and Smoking  combination curing  dry curing and injection curing

25. Refrigeration  fresh meat, under home refrigeration conditions should be consumed within four days of purchase

26. Freezing  blast freezing - use high velocity air and temps of – 10 to -40°C  freezes meat very quickly

27. Freezing  length of time meat can be kept frozen depends on temperature, species, type of product and the wrapping material on the product

28. Freezing  wrap using vapor proof materials  keep oxygen out and moisture in  moisture loss causes freezer burn

29. Freezing  beef - 6-12 months  lamb - 6-9 months  pork - 4-6 months  cured meats - 1-2 months

30. Drying  low moisture foods contain less than 25% moisture  Beef Jerky is an example of a low moisture food  intermediate moisture less than 50%  dry salami