1. Part I: Founding of New France
Chapter 4
Part I: Founding of New France

2. Competition with Spain
Other countries wanted to copy Spain’s success
King Charles I of Spain
Also known as King Charles V of the Holy Roman Empire
Had lands that surrounded France
King Francis I of France wanted to compete with Spain’s power
Privateers: pirates who worked for the government
Ineffective way to start getting gold

3. Giovanni da Verranzano
Born near Florence, Italy
Much experience sailing
Had been a privateer for King Francis
Sent by France to find northwest passage through America to the Indies
Set sail in the Dauphine in 1524
Landed in NC, NY, MA, RI, ME, then Newfoundland
Returned to France and encouraged king to send colonists
King too busy at war with King Charles

4. Jacques Cartier Privateer Sent to find the northwest passage
Two ships and 61 men
Found Prince Edward Island
Found an inlet there
Thought it might be the passage
Wasn’t
Went to Chaleur Bay and traded furs with natives, brought the furs back to France
Found St. Lawrence River on second trip
Heard there was gold
Went up to present day Montreal
Found no gold
Sent back again to found a colony with Lord Roberval
Colony failed, many fell sick and died

5. A New Regime Civil war in France New French King Henry IV
French Protestants (Huguenots) v. Catholics
St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre
Champlain fought in the war
New French King Henry IV
Also wanted to explore New World
Champlain sent

6. Exploring the St. Lawrence
Sailed the St. Lawrence River
Named it the “River of Canada”
Explored surrounding area, discovered Quebec
Decided its location would make it good for a fortress
Learned about the Indians there
Wooden dwellings
Hunting and farming
Maize, squash, beans, tobacco

7. Native Americans Hurons and Algonquin often fought together
5 Nations (Tribes) of the Iroquois
Mohawk, Onondaga, Oneida, Cayuga, and Seneca
Waged war on the surrounding tribes
Became the enemies of the French

8. Great Lakes Champlain discovered Lake Champlain
While joining a war party of Hurons and Algonquins along the Richelieu River
Champlain and the French joined them for battle against the Iroquois at Ticonderoga
French provided the victory
Created a lasting hatred between French and Iroquois
Canada = New France
Champlain discovered Lake Huron and Lake Ontario on other war parties
The Great Lakes

9. Quebec Champlain started a settlement at Quebec
Fur trappers and traders
Trappers forged good relationships with Indians
Champlain later settled down here
Settlement grew slowly
Toward the end of his life, English pirates kidnapped Champlain and held him and the settlement for ransom
Released after three years, died three years later

10. Fr. Jean de Brebeuf Jesuit priest (“Black Robe”)
Lived among the Indians like Indians
Travelled by canoe to Lake Huron to evangelize
Had to return to France when the English seized Canada
Returned with Fr. Daniel to Canada in 1633
Travelled to visit the Huron Indians
Spent 16 years among them

11. Martyrdom Fr. Brebeuf captured by Iroquois
Gauntlet
Slashed, burned, clubbed
“Baptized” with scalding water
Killed
Heart eaten
They believed they could get his strong spirit by drinking his blood and eating his heart
Feast day of North American Martyrs: 10/19

12. Fr. Isaac Jogues Jesuit Missionary (Society of Jesus) Lake Huron
Iroquois even more powerful due to guns
They had traded with Dutch of New Amsterdam
Manhattan Island
Captured by a band of Mohawks
Bit/burned off his fingers
Year of torture
Rescued by Dutch settlers
Returned to France
Had to get a special dispensation to celebrate the Mass

13. Martyrdom Returned to Canada to continue evangelizing
Decided to try to convert the Mohawks
Sickness and blight had hit the Mohawks
Thought it was Christ’s fault
Captured by the Mohawks
Tortured
Killed by a tomahawk
Head put on a pole
Body thrown in river

14. Fr. Charles Garnier Iroquois had destroyed the Hurons
Turned their attention to the Tobacco nation
Garnier worked among the Tobacco people
Was present during an Iroquois attack
Wounded but continued to give absolution to others who had fallen
Killed by a tomahawk right after giving absolution
Killed on the Eve of the Feast of the Immaculate Conception, the same thing he had dedicated his work to

15. Exploration and Evangelization
Part II
Exploration and Evangelization

16. Kateri Tekakwitha Mohawk convert to Catholicism
Parents had died of smallpox
Lived with uncle, the chief of the Turtle clan of the Mohawk Tribe
Became Christian at age 11, baptized at 18
Vowed to not get married and remain chaste
Mohawks didn’t understand this
She fled to a Christian village along St. Lawrence River
Became an example among the Native Americans of how to live perfectly as a Christian

17. Louis Joliet Born in Quebec Fur trader and adventurer
Studied the faith with the Jesuits
Fur trader and adventurer
Heard stories of a great river
King Louis XIV wanted to take the great river to the Pacific and then on down to Mexico to try to find silver
Chose Father Jacques Marquette as companion
Had lived among the Native Americans
Wanted to convert those along the river

18. The Expedition Begins Explored Lake Michigan
Natives told them they were close to great river
Carried canoes over land to Mississippi
Met Illinois Indians
Asked Fr. Marquette to stay among them
Said he had to finish the expedition
Would come back
Thought the Missouri River might be the northwest passage
Due to its size and direction
Discovered Ohio River

19. A Dilemma They encountered a tribe that served them roasted dog
They ate it to not be rude
Chief said that they would have given buffalo, but the Indians around them had guns and wouldn’t let them hunt
Joliet and Marquette realized they were in Spanish territory
Didn’t want to be captured
Joliet returned to Quebec
Fr. Marquette returned to live among the Illinois Indians along Lake Michigan
Died at age of 38 of sickness

20. Rene de La Salle Born in France to a nobleman
Also had a Jesuit education
Received a land grant outside Montreal
Wanted to explore and be a fur trader
Governor of New France sent La Salle to convince King of France to build forts along French Rivers
King gave permission
Wanted La Salle to totally explore Mississippi
La Salle would be given control of all lands he discovered, as well as control of the fur trade there

21. Governor La Salle Explored Mississippi
Louisiana – named in honor of King
New governor of New France was jealous of de La Salle’s power
De La Salle sailed to France to talk to King, who named him governor of New France

22. Misfortunes Tried to sail back to Mississippi Tried again to return
Attacked by Spanish in the West Indies
Fell sick and had to stay behind in islands
Tried again to return
Missed Mississippi delta
Ended up in Texas
Failed overland expedition to make it back
Killed by own men on final expedition to try to return
Mutiny