1. Learning and the mind

2. Objectives: the Student Will Describe a cognitive map and explain who Edward Tolman is describe social learning & observational learning Analyze the bobo experiment Summarize media violence

3. Cognitive Maps: Tolman Finds Out What’s on a Rats Mind Ever walk through your house in the dark? Cognitive map- Mental image that an organism uses to navigate through a familiar environment Edward Tolman ( 1886-1959)

4. Maze Breakdown Rats take shortest route to food When a route is blocked, rats use mental map of the maze to find new way to food! Then Tolman floods the maze and the rats swim it. Adds evidence Latent learning- a form of learning that is not immediately expressed in an overt response; it occurs without obvious reinforcement

5. Tolmans Maze

6. Latent learning Rats received one maze trial per day Learning isn’t the same as performance. chapter 9

7. Significance of Tolmans Work Challenges Pavlov, Watson, and Skinner More than stimulus and responses Brain imaging now supports his hypothesis. Mental drawing in your head Most prevalent in animals that forge for food

8. Social learning Social cognitive theories emphasize how behavior is learned and maintained. Through observation and imitation of others Positive consequences Cognitive processes such as plans, expectations, and beliefs Observational learning involves learning new responses by observing the behavior of another rather than through direct experience. chapter 9

9. Learning by Observation and Imitation Imitation replaces experience A.K.A. Modeling Like operant conditioning ( reward) but you see someone else get the reward Observational learning or Social learning Examples- Clothing, slang, birds replicate cell phone ring….Or BOBO EX

10. Bandura’s Bobo doll study Nursery school children watched a film of two men (Johnny and Rocky) playing with toys. Johnny refuses to share, and Rocky hits him, getting all the toys. Children who watched the video were significantly more violent afterward than children in a control group. chapter 9

11. Observational Learning: Bandura’s Challenge to Behaviorism Albert Bandura- Bobo experiment Kids shown a film of adults enjoying punching, kicking, hitting inflated clown As a result Kids enjoyed assaulting the clown Kids in ‘control group’ (not shown film) were nicer to clown

12. Media violence Since Bandura, hundreds of other experimental studies have corroborated the findings. Meta-analysis shows that greater exposure to violence is related to more aggressive behavior when controlled for social class, intelligence, and other factors. Other researchers are less concerned because they believe that media violence does not cause most viewers to become aggressive. Aggressive individuals may be drawn to violent programming. chapter 9

13. Effects of Media Violence Correlation evidence- Over 50 studies connect viewing violence to acts of violence Experimental studies- Over 100 showing casual relationship Psychic numbing- Desensitized to violence

14. Social-cognitive view and aggression Other factors intervene in the relationship between what we see, what we learn, and how we respond. Perceptions Interpretations Personality dispositions chapter 9

15. summary Bobo experiment Tolman- rats-maze Media violence