1. Notes 3/11 Wolf essays due next time –Clarifying citing of websites –Come see us during office hours

2. SW Prehistoric Cultures Geography Reminder: Map quiz on 3/27 Square=modern culture, circle=prehistoric Chaco Mesa Verde

3. Other Southwest Prehistoric Cultures Mogollon: –- Sinagua: - Environmental-human aspects

4. Mogollon Rim Transition between – Crosses AZ and NM -

5. Mogollon Climate -

6. Mogollon Ecosystems Rocky Mt. like –- Forests quite productive. White Mountains, AZ

7. Mimbres, NM -

8. Mogollon Habitation As with other cultures: - –Point of Pines Pueblo: -

9. Mogollon Subsistence Big and small game –-–- –-–- Native and cultivated plants –-–-

10. Pinyon Pine -

11. Mogollon Agriculture Central Highlands not perfect for corn: –-–- –-–- –-–- –-–- Little water control –-–-

12. Mogollon Pottery Started out plain Ultimately, Mimbres magic –-

13. Saltwater fish?

14. Mogollon Termination AD 1300: –-–- But, drought from 1325 – 1355 –-–- –-–- –-–-

16. Winner: Most Heartbreaking Abandonment - -.-

17. Sinagua Derivative of Mogollon –-–- Northern group: = -- –-–- –-–- Southern group: = -- –-–- –-–- Don’t miss Montezuma and Wupatki.

18. Northern Southern Sinagua Wupatki

19. Colton: Black Sand - –- - -

21. Any Need to Study Past Abrupt Environmental Events? Katrina –-

22. Ring width Time A.D. 1064 Control Event

23. AD 1064 1020 1030 1050

24. An Issue with Black Sand Theory Eruption of Sunset Crater: = -- First tree-ring dates of Wupatki: = -- - Could AD 1064 signal be due to something else?

25. How to study Sunset Crater eruption better?

26. El Tocón Paricutinense 4343

27. Northern Sinagua Subsistence Small game hunting: –-–- -- Agriculture innovations: –-–- - - –-–-

28. Northern Sinagua Abandonment By AD 1250 – : - - Early 1300s: - -

29. Verde Valley Sinagua Nice place: - - - –-–- Elevational ecotone: –-–- –-–-

30. Montezuma Castle Deep in a limestone cave 5 stories 50 rooms Mis- named

31. Why Cliff Dwelling? Defense: - Farmland: - Floods: - Weathering: - -

33. N

35. Montezuma Well - - - - A must-see.

36. -

37. What Environmentally Could Possibly Go Wrong at Montezuma’s Well? Modern day arsenic = 100 µg/L –1 L = 1000 ml = 1000 g –1 µg/L = 1 part per billion (ppb) US EPA limits –Pre-2000: 50 ppb –Proposed: 5 ppb Health effects: cancers, other illnesses

38. Mogollon/Sinagua Summary Mogollon– mountains –Hunting, gathering, some farming –Pinyon nuts –Some terraces –Big sites (400 rooms) Mogollon (Mimbres) –Alluvium & farming –Elaborate pottery –Big pueblos—400+rooms Depopulations—ca. 1300s—slightly later than Kayenta; drought

39. Mogollon/Sinagua Summary Sinagua North & South North—Flagstaff area –Sunset Crater (modern homework) –Land rush –Erosion of black sand; drought ca. 1350 South—Verde Valley –Montezuma Castle—passive solar –Montezuma Well—arsenic –Abandoned by mid-1300s