1. Public Gardens and the Sentinel Plant Network Sentinel Plant Network Module 1

2. Module Objectives Historic examples Current issues Success stories The Sentinel Plant Network – National Plant Diagnostic Network – American Public Gardens Association SPN expectations and opportunities

3. Historic Examples Chestnut blight Cryphonectria parasitica Native species: one that occurs naturally with respect to a particular ecosystem, rather than as a result of an accidental or deliberate introduction into that ecosystem by humans. Exotic species: a species that is not indigenous to a region, non- native or alien. American chestnuts (Castanea dentata), Great Smoky Mts., NC, ca. 1910.

4. Historic Examples Dutch elm disease Ophiostoma ulmi and Ophiostoma novo-ulmi Invasive species: organisms that are non-native to an ecosystem and whose introduction causes economic, social or environmental harm Central Avenue “Arch of Heaven” c. 1933. American elms (Ulmus americana) lining Cornell University’s Central Avenue.

7. Current Issues Sudden oak death Phytophthora ramorum Tanoaks (Notholithocarpus densiflorus) killed by sudden oak death (Phytophthora ramorum) in the Big Sur area of California. The green trees are primarily redwood.

8. Current Issues Sudden oak death Laurel wilt and the redbay ambrosia beetle Raffaelea lauricola and Xyleborus glabratus Redbay (Persea borbonia) mortality in Florida caused by laurel wilt and redbay ambrosia beetles.

9. Current Issues Sudden oak death Laurel wilt and the redbay ambrosia beetle Raffaelea lauricola and Xyleborus glabratus Redbay (Persea borbonia) mortality in Florida caused by laurel wilt and redbay ambrosia beetles.

10. Current Issues Sudden oak death Laurel wilt, redbay ambrosia beetle Thousand cankers disease Geosmithia morbida and Pityophthorus juglandis Black walnut trees (Juglans nigra) in Colorado that have died as a result of thousand cankers disease (Geosmithia morbida and Pityophthorus juglandis).

11. Current Issues Sudden oak death Laurel wilt, redbay ambrosia beetle Thousand cankers disease Geosmithia morbida and Pityophthorus juglandis Black walnut trees (Juglans nigra) in Colorado that have died as a result of thousand cankers disease (Geosmithia morbida and Pityophthorus juglandis).

12. Current Issues Sudden oak death Laurel wilt, redbay ambrosia beetle Thousand cankers disease Geosmithia morbida and Pityophthorus juglandis Black walnut trees (Juglans nigra) in Colorado that have died as a result of thousand cankers disease (Geosmithia morbida and Pityophthorus juglandis).

13. Current Issues Sudden oak death Laurel wilt and the redbay ambrosia beetle Thousand cankers disease Emerald ash borer Agrilus planipennis Emerald ash borer (Agrilus planipennis) damage on ash spp. (Fraxinus spp.) in Ohio.

14. Current Issues Sudden oak death Laurel wilt and the redbay ambrosia beetle Thousand cankers disease Emerald ash borer Asian longhorned beetle Anoplophora glabripennis “If the Asian longhorned beetle becomes established here, it has the potential to cause more damage than Dutch elm disease, chestnut blight and gypsy moths combined, destroying millions of acres of America's treasured hardwoods, including national forests and backyard trees. The beetle has the potential to damage such industries as lumber, maple syrup, nursery, commercial fruit and tourism accumulating over $41 billion in losses.” Excerpt from a 2001 risk assessment by USDA- APHIS Plant Protection and Quarantine Trees infested with Asian longhorned beetles (Anoplophora glabripennis) are removed and destroyed. Before and after images taken on Granville Avenue in Worcester, MA.

15. Current Issues Elsewhere… “A sad milestone in the spread of a disease mortally affecting Britain's horsechestnut trees was passed this week when one of the country's noblest horsechestnut avenues was finally cut down.” - The Independent, 26 February 2011 Barrington Court in Somerset, England after the final horsechestnuts (Aesculus hippocastanum) were removed.

16. SUCCESS STORIES There is hope

17. Success Stories Asian gypsy moth and brown fir longhorned beetle Lymantria dispar and Callidiellum villosulum Asian gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar) and brown fir longhorned beetle (Callidiellum villosulum)

18. Success Stories Asian gypsy moth and brown fir longhorned beetle Plum pox virus Potyvirus Symptoms of plum pox virus on apricot (Prunus armeniaca) fruit and leaves.

19. Success Stories Asian gypsy moth and brown fir longhorned beetle Plum pox virus Oak wilt Ceratocystis fagacearum Oak wilt treatment site; sign forbidding firewood gathering, to prevent spread of oak wilt. Foliar symptoms on northern red oak (top).

20. Success Stories Asian gypsy moth Plum pox virus Oak wilt Bleeding canker of horsechestnut Pseudomonas syringae pv. aesculi Flower on healthy horsechestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum).

21. Can experience from previous failures and success be the foundation For a brighter future?

22. Can experience from previous failures and success be the foundation For a brighter future? YES!!!

23. NATIONAL PLANT DIAGNOSTIC NETWORK Protecting the Nation’s Agriculture & Natural Ecosystems

24. The NPDN Mission Enhance national agricultural security by quickly detecting and identifying introduced pests and pathogens. NPDN - primary mission areas Detection and diagnosis Training and education Communication

25. The NPDN Mission, cont… Detection and diagnosis Training and education Communication First Detectors: individuals who in the course of their duties are in a position to notice an unusual outbreak, a pest of concern, or symptoms of a pest of concern and who have completed NPDN training to improve their pest detection skills.

26. Detection and diagnosis Training and education Communication The NPDN Mission, cont…

28. OPPORTUNITIES AMERICAN PUBLIC GARDENS ASSOCIATION

29. The APGA Vision: A world where public gardens are indispensable Our Misson: Advancing Public Gardens as a force for positive change in their communities through leadership, advocacy and innovation.

30. Capacity 500+ APGA member gardens 4000+ public garden professionals at APGA member gardens – 61% of gardens surveyed are monitoring their collections regularly – 29% are monitoring when possible Kramer, A. and A. Hird. 2011. Building an International Sentinel Plant Network. BG-Journal. Vol. 8 (2).

31. – 70% of gardens share the information with their visitors through visitor and education programs Capacity 70 Million visitors to APGA gardens annually Kramer, A. and A. Hird. 2011. Building an International Sentinel Plant Network. BG-Journal. Vol. 8 (2).

32. But, do gardens have the resources they need? 84% of gardens seek assistance with insect ID 88% of gardens seek assistance with identifying plant diseases Kramer, A. and A. Hird. 2011. Building an International Sentinel Plant Network. BG-Journal. Vol. 8 (2).

33. THE SENTINEL PLANT NETWORK An Effective Partnership

34. The Sentinel Plant Network The Sentinel Plant Network (SPN) is a collaboration between the American Public Gardens Association (APGA) and the National Plant Diagnostic Network (NPDN) and is funded through the USDA’s Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS).

35. Our Mission The Sentinel Plant Network contributes to plant conservation by engaging public garden professionals, volunteers and visitors in the detection and diagnosis of high consequence pests and pathogens.

36. APGA Strategic Goals Strengthen the capacity of public gardens to affect change in their communities Leverage the collective strength of public gardens Advance the professionalism of public gardens

37. The Sentinel Plant Network Partnership NPDN Develop educational content Provide diagnostic support APGA Recruit gardens to participate Disseminate information about the SPN through its membership Conduct training workshops for professionals Produce outreach materials

38. What We Do Provide public garden professionals with training and diagnostic support Enhance garden outreach efforts on the impact of high consequence plant pests and pathogens and engage individuals as First Detectors Facilitate greater collaboration about high consequence pests and pathogens through improved databases and communication protocols

39. Why should gardens participate in the Sentinel Plant Network?

40. Benefits to participating in the SPN Disaster preparedness and risk management through improved monitoring Cost savings and the preservation of collections and specimens Access to plant diagnostic support and expertise Specialized professional development and networking opportunities Access to SPN educational outreach materials and programs

41. What is expected from gardens? Provide SPN educational outreach materials to the visiting public Publicize your institution’s involvement in SPN through website links, newsletter articles, press releases, etc.

42. More ways to participate Participate in professional development workshops Perform routine scouting for pests/pathogens in your collections or natural areas Collect and submit samples of unknown pest and pathogens for diagnosis as needed Complete reports on scouting activity and sample submissions

43. More ways to participate Provide SPN training modules to staff and volunteers Conduct an annual “First Detector” training session for community members

44. Questions For more information on the Sentinel Plant Network visit www.publicgardens.org/content/sentinel-plant- network www.publicgardens.org/content/sentinel-plant- network Or contact SPN manager Daniel Stern at dstern@publicgardens.org dstern@publicgardens.org

45. Author credits Rachel L. McCarthy, MPS, NEPDN Education and Training Coordinator, Cornell University, rachel.mccarthy@cornell.edurachel.mccarthy@cornell.edu George W. Hudler, PhD, NEPDN Director, Cornell University, gwh2@cornell.edugwh2@cornell.edu Amanda Hodges, PhD, SPDN Associate Director, NPDN Training and Education Program Area Manager, University of Florida, achodges@ufl.edu achodges@ufl.edu

46. Reviewer credits Caroline Lewis, Education Strategist and CEO The CLEO Institute Emily Griswold, Assistant Director of Horticulture, UC Davis Arboretum Lynnae Jess, Assistant Director, North Central IPM Center

47. References Chestnut blight and Dutch elm disease www.srs.fs.usda.gov/pubs/ja/ja_schlarbaum002.htm Sudden oak death www.suddenoakdeath.org/about-sudden-oak-death/history-background/ www.aphis.usda.gov/publications/plant_health/content/printable_version/SBR _StopTheSpread.pdf www.aphis.usda.gov/publications/plant_health/content/printable_version/SBR _StopTheSpread.pdf Thousand cankers disease http://mda.mo.gov/plants/pdf/tc_pathwayanalysis.pdf http://www.fs.fed.us/foresthealth/fhm/sp/tcd/tcd.shtml

48. References Laurel wilt and the redbay ambrosia beetle www.fs.fed.us/r8/foresthealth/laurelwilt/history.shtml Emerald ash borer www.emeraldashborer.info/ Asian longhorned beetle www.aphis.usda.gov/plant_health/plant_pest_info/asian_lhb/background.shtm l www.aphis.usda.gov/plant_health/plant_pest_info/asian_lhb/background.shtm l Elsewhere www.independent.co.uk/environment/nature/the-conker-canker-disease-fells- avenue-of-horse-chestnuts-2226076.html www.independent.co.uk/environment/nature/the-conker-canker-disease-fells- avenue-of-horse-chestnuts-2226076.html

49. References Asian gypsy moth www.cbp.gov/xp/cgov/newsroom/news_releases/archives/february_2011/022 22011.xml www.cbp.gov/xp/cgov/newsroom/news_releases/archives/february_2011/022 22011.xml www.aphis.usda.gov/plant_health/plant_pest_info/gypsy_moth/agm- background.shtml www.aphis.usda.gov/plant_health/plant_pest_info/gypsy_moth/agm- background.shtml Brown fir longhorned beetle www.cbp.gov/xp/cgov/newsroom/news_releases/archives/march_2011/03282 011_2.xml www.cbp.gov/xp/cgov/newsroom/news_releases/archives/march_2011/03282 011_2.xml Plum pox virus www.aphis.usda.gov/publications/plant_health/content/printable_version/fs_r ev_plumpox_2009.pdf www.aphis.usda.gov/publications/plant_health/content/printable_version/fs_r ev_plumpox_2009.pdf www.aphis.usda.gov/plant_health/plant_pest_info/plum_pox/downloads/DA- 2009-55.pdf www.aphis.usda.gov/plant_health/plant_pest_info/plum_pox/downloads/DA- 2009-55.pdf

50. References Oak wilt www.na.fs.fed.us/ss/10/decisive_action.pdf Bleeding canker of horsechestnut www.aphis.usda.gov/import_export/plants/plant_imports/federal_order/down loads/da2010-02.pdf www.aphis.usda.gov/import_export/plants/plant_imports/federal_order/down loads/da2010-02.pdf ALB across from the Arnold http://arboretum.harvard.edu/news-events/archived-news/alb/ Invasive species www.csrees.usda.gov/invasivespecies.cfm

51. Date of Publication September 2011