1. Cryogenic Safety

2. What are Cryogenics?
All cryogenic liquids are gases at room temperature and atmospheric pressure. The gases are liquefied at very low temperature and high pressures. Different cryogens become liquids under different conditions of temperature and pressures. Cryogenic liquids are materials with boiling points of less than –73 °C (–100 °F).
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3. Cryogen Background When stored and used properly, cryogens are safe.
If stored improperly or misused, cryogen can be dangerous and even kill you.
Gaby Scanlon 10/2012

4. Two Common Properties Extremely cold in liquid state
Editorial Guidelines on Bullets:
1. Vertical lists are best introduced by a grammatically complete sentence followed by a colon. No periods
are required at the end of entries unless at least one entry is a complete sentence, in which case a period
is necessary at the end of each entry.
Example: A university can be judged by three measures:
· The quality of its students
· The quality of it faculty
· The quality of its infrastructure
2. If a list completes the sentence that introduces it, items begin with lowercase letters, commas or semicolons
(if individual items contain commas) are used to separate each item, and the last item ends with a period.
Note that the introductory clause does not end with a colon.
Example: A university can be judged by
· the quality of its students,
· the quality of its faculty,
· the quality of its infrastructure.
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Small quantities of liquid may expand to large volumes of gas 4

5. Which Cryogenics are used in the Physics Department?
Liquid Nitrogen
Liquid Helium
Dry Ice (Carbon Dioxide)

6. Liquid Nitrogen
Liquid Nitrogen is heavier than air, inert, colorless, non-corrosive, non-flammable, and extremely cold.
Nitrogen will not react with other elements or compounds under ordinary conditions.
Boiling Point at 1atm is °C/-320.4°F/77K
Expansion Ratio, (liquid to gas): 1 to 694
Under certain conditions, nitrogen can react violently with lithium, neodymium, titanium (above 1472°F/800°C), and magnesium to form nitrides. At high temperature, it can also combine with oxygen and hydrogen.

7. Liquid Helium
Liquid Nitrogen is lighter than air, inert, colorless, odorless, non-corrosive, non-flammable, and extremely cold.
Helium will not react with other elements or compounds under ordinary conditions.
Boiling Point at 1atm is °C/-452.1°F/4K
Expansion Ratio, (liquid to gas): 1 to 754

8. Dry Ice (Carbon Dioxide)
Carbon Dioxide is typically in a solidified gas state such as nuggets, pellets, or blocks. Dry Ice appears white in color, is non-corrosive, non-flammable, and extremely cold. Vapors are heavier than air.
Carbon Dioxide is incompatible with alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, metal acetylides, chromium, titanium above 1022°F (550°C), uranium above °F (750°C), magnesium above 1427°F (775°C)
Boiling Point at 1atm is -78.5°C/-109.3°F/195K
Expansion Ratio, (Solid to gas): 1 to 554
Carbon monoxide and oxygen may result from the decomposition of carbon dioxide exposed to electrical discharges and high temperatures.

9. Extreme Cold – Frostbite Oxygen Deficiency - Asphyxiation
Hazards of Cryogenics
Extreme Cold – Frostbite
Oxygen Deficiency - Asphyxiation
Oxygen Rich – Flammable
Over Pressurization – Physical Injury
LN2 Burn Week 1
LN2 Week 2

10. Ways to Expose Yourself
Directly touching the liquid with your skin
Indirectly touching something cooled by the cryogenic liquid like a metal transfer line
Indirectly by exposing skin or eyes to the cold gas coming out of a pressure relief valve at the end of a transfer line

11. Extreme Cold Hazards
Cryogenic liquids and cold vapors can cause thermal burn injuries, frostbite.
Brief exposures may damage tissue.
Breathing extremely cold air may damage lungs.
Skin may stick to metal that is cooled by cryogenic liquids and when pulled away the skin may tear.
Non-metallic materials are also dangerous to touch at cryogenic temperatures.

12. Oxygen Deficiency (Asphyxiation)
Hazards
Occurs without any warning
Due to oxygen displacement
Cryogenic liquid warms up it becomes a gas, the gas is still very cold. Liquid N2 gas is heavier than air. Not dispersed.
Liquid Helium while cold is lighter than air. It mixes with surrounding air, will warm-up and stratify
Increased hazards associated with large volumes of cryogens in small spaces.
To Minimize Hazards
Oxygen monitoring in the area
Evacuation routes away from the release area.
No entry into areas/rooms that are alarming.
Use of natural or local exhaust ventilation.
Limit Amount of cryogen with respect to volume of containing spaces in transporting, storage, and use.
Buddy system

13. Oxygen Enriched Air - Hazard
Liquid Nitrogen (LN2) and Liquid Helium (LHe) are so cold that they can easily liquefy the air they come in contact with.
The liquid air can condense on surfaces cooled by LN2 and LHe.
Due to the smaller latent heat of N2 compared to Oxygen (O2), the N2 will evaporate more rapidly, leaving behind a liquid air mixture which has a high concentration of oxygen.
The O2 enriched air presents a highly flammable atmosphere.

14. Over Pressurization - Hazard
Without adequate venting or pressure-relief devices on closed containers containing cryogens, enormous pressures can build up.
The pressure may cause an explosion.
Accidental conditions such as an external fire may cause a very rapid pressure rise.
The pressure relief valve must be properly installed and free from obstruction.

15. Dewar Non pressurized container. Typical capacity is a liter.
Product may be removed to smaller containers by pouring, but larger sizes require a transfer tube.
A loose fitting dust cap over the outlet prevents moisture from plugging the vent, allowing gas to escape.
Continuous venting from a vent valve is not normal. It could mean there is dirt in the vent valve or it is damaged.
Sweat or Frost at the bottom or sides of a dewar or cryostat is an indication of a faulty or damaged vacuum jacket.
Signs of Damaged Dewar or Cryostat

16. Cryogen Safety Guidelines
Equipment should be kept clean. Perform routine inspections of all safety equipment and cryogenic systems.
Mixtures of gases or fluids should be strictly controlled to prevent formation of flammable or explosive mixtures.
 Containers and systems containing cryogens should have pressure relief mechanisms. Ensure that all pressure relief valves and rupture disk vent paths are directed away from personnel.
Containers and systems should be capable of withstanding extreme cold without becoming brittle. Glass containers should be taped solidly around the outside or encased in plastic mesh.
  Funnels should not be used for pouring liquid nitrogen or any other cryogen. Use a phase separator when transferring cryogens.

17. Cryogen Safety Guidelines
Use tongs or cryogenic gloves to handle charged liquid containers or other objects that might be cold.
Stay out of the path of boil off gases.
Pour cryogens slowly to minimize boiling and splashing.
Large mobile Dewars at risk for tipping should be transported on appropriate carts.  Wheeled trolleys may not be used if the vessel must pass over elevator thresholds or other slots/crevasses wider than 25% of the wheel width.

18. Cryogen Safety Guidelines
Dispensing stations designed to allow research staff to fill smaller vessels from a larger self-pressurizing Dewar must be located in non-public areas, and should be posted with standard operating procedures.
Smaller vessels of liquid nitrogen or other cryogens transported by hand within or between buildings must have a handle or bail, and must be covered.

19. Personal Protective Equipment
 Always wear goggles when handling cryogens.
If there is a splash or spray hazard, a face shield over the goggles.
An impervious apron or coat, cuff less long pants, and fully-covering shoes should be worn.
Watches, rings, and other jewelry should not be worn. Gloves should be impervious and sufficiently large to be readily thrown off should a cryogen be spilled. Cryo-gloves or pot holders should also be used.

20. Safe Handling of Dry Ice
Stored in a well-ventilated location. NEVER store dry ice in a cold room, warm room, or storage closet unless adequate supply ventilation is provided.
Do Not store in a tightly sealed device such as an ultra-low freezer, plastic/glass container, or other enclosed space. Store dry ice in a stryofoam chest, insulated cooler or a special cooler designed for the the storage of dry ice (i.e. allows for the release of carbon dioxide gas).
NEVER handle dry ice with your bare hands. Always wear thermal gloves to reduce risk of thermal burns to the skin.
Do not place dry ice on a tiled or solid surface countertop as the extreme cold will cause damage.
Dry Ice is considered a Class 9
( Hazardous material for shipping