1. Socioeconomic Surveys Consolidated Findings Selected Settlements in Mbabane, Accra, Dar-es-Salaam & Ekurhuleni

2. ABOUT THE SURVEYS Questionnaires were administered in local languages Fieldworkers were recruited from informal settlement communities Thorough quality controls were applied incl.  Supervision  Intensive training  sample back-checked  Data cleaning

3. SAMPLE SIZE & STUDIED SETTLEMENTS CharacteristicsDar-es-salaamMbabaneEkurhuleniAccra Sampled households 3808245 862300 Household Size Mean3.42.9 3.4 Median3-33 Selected Settlements Buguruni, Makangarawe, Mwananyamala Nkwalini zone 3, Bahai, Mangwaneni, Mahwalala Zone 6C Sidwashini/ Ntabamhlophe, Fonteyn, Manzana, Mvakwelitje, Makholokholo John Dube, Bapsfontein and Payneville Sodom & Gomorrah, James Town, Adedenkpo & Korle Dudor, Nima, Kotobabi

4. Profile of Household Heads

5. Household Head Characteristics AccraMbabane Dar es SalaamEkurhuleni N%N%N%N% Ownership Status Owner13545%48959%11129% - - Tenant16555%33441%26971%-- Sex of household Head Female9833%32439% 8121% 1,91433% Male20267%50061% 29979% 3,94867% Age of Household Head Mean41-35-39- - -38- Median38-40-44---35-

6. All Household members

7. AGE-SEX DISTRIBUTION IN DAR-ES-SALAAM

8. EKURHULENI AGE-SEX POPULATION PYRAMID, % OF THE TOTAL POPULATION MALE FEMALE PERCENT

9. MBABANE AGE-SEX POPULATION PYRAMID, % OF THE TOTAL POPULATION PERCENT

10. ACCRA AGE-SEX POPULATION PYRAMID, % OF THE TOTAL POPULATION PERCENT

11. HOUSEHOLD MEMBERS ARE MOSTLY CHILDREN OF HOUSEHOLD HEADS

12. MOST HOUSEHOLD MEMBERS (63-80%) IN MBABANE & EKURHULENI REPORTED RESIDENTIAL STABILITY Mbabane and Ekurhuleni residents reported…  high proportions reporting infrequent visits to rural homes  Having rural homes but not visiting at all  Not having a rural home

13. Household members’ education

14. HIGH PROPORTION OF HOUSEHOLD MEMBERS WITH PRIMARY SCHOOL OR NO EDUCATION

15. Employment profile

16. EMPLOYMENT STATUS 1

17. EMPLOYMENT STATUS 2

18. Household Income

19. HOUSEHOLD INCOME PER MONTH

20. Household Expenditure

21. MONTHLY HOUSEHOLD EXPENDITURE

22. Household Savings

23. HOUSEHOLD SAVINGS

24. SOURCE OF FINANCE FOR BUILDING HOUSE AND EXTENSIONS, MBABANE

25. TYPE OF HOUSE

26. What is the wall condition of your house?

27. What is the floor condition of your house?

28. What is the roof condition of your house?

29. ROOF MATERIAL

30. WALL MATERIAL

31. OTHER HOUSEHOLD CHARACTERISTICS The median house size is 25 square metres About half of households have household size of three or more residents (49%). 51-75% of households have one room for sleeping In 85% and 57% of households in Accra and Dar-es- Salaam, cooking occurs outside the house Few households had private indoors bathrooms.

32. ACCESS TO WATER AND ELECTRICITY Access to electricity is very low in Ekurhuleni (1%) and Mbabane (25%) In contrast with access in Dar-es-Salaam (60%) & Accra (98%) Households in Dar-es-Salaam mainly get their water from the river (73%) Water supply in Accra is safer due to access to standpipes

33. ENVIRONMENTAL SANITATION Two thirds of households in Mbabane shared pit latrines with 1-25 other households Pit Latrines are also common in Accra and Dar-es-Salaam In Accra the bucket system & public toilets are also utilized Environmentally unsustainable human and household waste disposal practices are a concern About 57%-83% of households in Accra were located close to a power station, a narrow dark ally between houses, a bushy area or stagnant water.

34. DISTANCE TO SOCIAL SERVICES Buguruni and Makangarawe have 46 and 20 households 4 km or more from a secondary school and a health centre 80%; 67% and 73% of Fonteyn, Bahai and Makholokholo residents respectively traveled more than 4km to the nearest health facility. Only 6% of households in all areas had access to recreation services.

35. RENTAL CHARACTERISTICS 55% in Accra and 71% in Dar-es-Salaam of interviewed households were tenants Mbabane had the lowest proportion of tenant households (42%) Almost all rental houses in Dar-es-Salaam and all in Accra were owned by private landlords Approximately half of landlords in Dar-es-Salaam to almost three quarters in Accra lived on the same plot as tenants Tenants in Accra and Dar-es-Salaam pay rent, advances, collateral and still maintain their rental units.

36. OWNERSHIP AND BUILDING Almost half (47%) of residents in Accra and 71% in Dar- es-Salaam had no title or claimed they were ignorant regarding the tenure status. half of the owners in Dar-es-Salaam took 4 years or less to build their houses However, some households took more than 10 years to finish building The time taken to build the main house in Accra was significantly shorter

37. HOUSEHOLD PREFERENCES Water, electricity & better toilets were the top three rental priorities in Dar-es-Salaam Tenants would prefer buying or building their own houses if finance was available owner households in Accra prioritized improving the overall structure (33%); adding rooms for rental purposes (23%) and improving the toilet (18%). Most owners in Dar-es-Salaam were interested in improving the overall structure and various maintenance construction

38. 87% OF OWNERS IN MBABANE PREFER TO STAY IN THE CURRENT PLOT First and second priorities for housing improvement  rebuilding the existing structure (40.5%)  additional space  only 6% mentioned a new house and new plot. Mbabane Urban Upgrading and Finance Programme community priorities  Water ranked first (43%);  Roads (28%);  Streetlights (14%)

39. RECOMMENDATIONS 1 Upgrading presents opportunities for facilitated skills development in construction related artisan trades. upgrade should integrate and advocate for employment stimulation while leveraging opportunities for skills enhancement. Tenure options to consider succession of tenure to future generations Safe water supply to be prioritized in Dar-es-Salaam Electricity supply to be prioritized in Mbabane and Ekurhuleni

40. RECOMMENDATIONS 2 Upgrading interventions in Accra and Dar-es-Salaam should…. continue to prioritise awareness campaigns evaluate current and emerging settlement regulations and monitor the efficiency of their implementation In all studied cities …. given the diversity of settlements, intervention can only happen settlement by settlement. Earning capacity varies vastly across households, settlements and cities... therefore upgrading should offer a various housing and land options

41. RECOMMENDATIONS 3 upgrading provides the critical building demand and should be leveraged for better access to formal financing Government assistance can be integrated in bank loan packages to make loans for upgrading more accessible. Complementary strategies to promote economic growth and greater participation by disadvantaged communities should be pursued to stimulate and increase savings Regulated building timeframes should be aligned to household building capacity