1. Business Research Methods William G. Zikmund Chapter 19: Editing and Coding

2. Copyright © 2000 by Harcourt, Inc. All rights reserved. Requests for permission to make copies of any part of the work should be mailed to the following address: Permissions Department, Harcourt, Inc., 6277 Sea Harbor Drive, Orlando, Florida 32887-6777.

3. Copyright © 2000 by Harcourt, Inc. All rights reserved. DATA ANALYSIS DATA ENTRY STAGES OF DATA ANALYSIS ERROR CHECKING AND VERIFICATION CODING EDITING

4. Copyright © 2000 by Harcourt, Inc. All rights reserved. EDITING THE PROCESS OF CHECKING AND ADJUSTING THE DATA –FOR OMISSIONS –FOR LEGIBILITY –FOR CONSISTENCY AND READYING THEM FOR CODING AND STORAGE

5. Copyright © 2000 by Harcourt, Inc. All rights reserved. BIRTH YEAR RECORDED BY INTERVIEWER 1873? 1973 MORE LIKELY

6. Copyright © 2000 by Harcourt, Inc. All rights reserved. CODING THE PROCESS OF IDENTIFYING AND ASSIGNING A NUMERICAL SCORE OR OTHER CHARACTER SYMBOL TO PREVIOUSLY EDITED DATA

7. Copyright © 2000 by Harcourt, Inc. All rights reserved. EDITING IN-HOUSEEDITING FIELD EDITING

8. Copyright © 2000 by Harcourt, Inc. All rights reserved. CONSISTENCY COMPLETENESS QUESTIONSANSWERED OUT OF ORDER REASONS FOR EDITING

9. Copyright © 2000 by Harcourt, Inc. All rights reserved. “I DON’T KNOW” Legitimate don’t know Reluctant don’t know Confused don’t know

10. Copyright © 2000 by Harcourt, Inc. All rights reserved. CODES The rules for interpreting, classifying, and recording data in the coding process. The actual numerical or other character symbols.

11. Copyright © 2000 by Harcourt, Inc. All rights reserved. 1a. How many years have you been playing tennis on a regular basis? Number of years: __________ b. What is your level of play? Novice............... -1Advanced.......-4 Lower Intermediate.....-2Expert.........-5 Upper Intermediate..... -3Teaching Pro.... -6 c. In the last 12 months, has your level of play improved, remained the same or decreased? Improved..............-1Decreased....... -3 Remained the same.....-2

12. Copyright © 2000 by Harcourt, Inc. All rights reserved. 2a. Do you belong to a club with tennis facilities?Yes....... -1 No....... -2 b. How many people in your household - including yourself - play tennis? Number who play tennis ___________ 3a. Why do you play tennis? (Please “X” all that apply.) To have fun.......... -1 To stay fit............ -2 To be with friends...... -3 To improve my game...-4 To compete...........-5 To win...............-6 b. In the past 12 months, have you purchased any tennis instructional books or video tapes?Yes....... -1 No....... -2

13. Copyright © 2000 by Harcourt, Inc. All rights reserved. 4. Please rate each of the following with regard to this flight, if applicable. Excellent Good Fair Poor 1 2 3 4 Courtesy and Treatment from the: Skycap at airport.............. Airport Ticket Counter Agent..... Boarding Point (Gate) Agent..... Flight Attendants.............. Your Meal or Snack............. Beverage Service.............. Seat Comfort.................. Carry-On Stowage Space........ Cabin Cleanliness............. Video/Stereo Entertainment...... On-Time Departure............

14. Copyright © 2000 by Harcourt, Inc. All rights reserved. “I believe that people judge your success by the kind of car you drive.” Strongly agree 1 Mildly agree 2 Neither agree nor disagree 3 Mildly agree 4 Strongly disagree 5 Strongly agree + 1 Mildly agree +2 Neither agree nor disagree 0 Mildly agree - 1 Strongly disagree - 2

15. Copyright © 2000 by Harcourt, Inc. All rights reserved. RULES FOR CODING Categories should be exhaustive Categories should be mutually exclusive and independent

16. Copyright © 2000 by Harcourt, Inc. All rights reserved. CODING OPEN-ENDED RESPONSES

17. Copyright © 2000 by Harcourt, Inc. All rights reserved. CODE BOOK Identifies each variable Provides a variable’s description Identifies each code name and position on storage medium

18. Copyright © 2000 by Harcourt, Inc. All rights reserved. DATA ENTRY The process of transforming data from the research project to computers. Optical scanning systems –Marked-sensed questionnaires

19. Copyright © 2000 by Harcourt, Inc. All rights reserved. RECODE Recoding is the process of using a computer to convert original codes used for raw data to codes that are more suitable for analysis. Var1 = 8 - Var1

20. Copyright © 2000 by Harcourt, Inc. All rights reserved. ERROR CHECKING AND VERIFICATION Data cleaning