1. Change 4: Time Scales Climate change = long-term problem that needs adaptation by stakeholders now How do these relate to the time horizons of different actors? How can long-term considerations be brought into short-term concerns and action?

2. Theory of change Why? Adaptive capacity will be limited if long-term changes are not considered How? Long-term considerations should be addressed through short-term incentives of relevance and interest to stakeholders for their engagement Example of a tool to enrich existing projects through social learning processes and make them more effective by connecting short-term relevance to longer term understanding of climate change and ability to adapt

3. Time horizons evaluation tool – Activities (sequenced): Commission research into time horizons building on state of the art (risk management, psychology, behavioural economics) – Specific scale / who is targeted: CCAFS site + sub- national/hub level (coffee under pressure) + national (scenarios) – Where (optional): Makueni, Nyando – Who plays what role: Topic experts, project organizers, stakeholders – Time needed to do it: 6 person/months research, 1-3 person/months testing + travel – Funding ballpark: 100K USD – Social differentiation: Target different groups

4. Incentives framework – Activities (sequenced): Commission research building into incentives based on state of the art (psych, eco, risk + development social science) – Specific scale / who is targeted: Retro-apply to scenarios, coffee under pressure, on-going risk management projects – Where (optional): CCAFS target regions – Who plays what role: Topic experts, project organizers, stakeholders – Time needed to do it: 3 person/months research, 1-3 person/months testing + research – Funding ballpark: 70K USD – Social differentiation: Target different groups

5. Evaluating change – Activities (sequenced): Applying the tool to evaluate impacts – Specific scale / who is targeted: Previously involved projects – Where (optional): CCAFS target regions – Who plays what role: Topic experts, project organizers, stakeholders – Time needed to do it: 6 person/months research person/months testing + research – Funding ballpark: 60K USD – Social differentiation: Target different groups