1. Cellular Respiration

2. Glycolysis – In the cytosol
Start with Glucose
Uses 2 ATP’s
Makes 4 ATP’s
Makes 2 NADH’s
Left with 2 pyruvates

3. Glycolysis - in the cytosol
NOTICE THE SPLITTING HERE!
EVERYTHING FOLLOWNG MUST BE MULTIPLIED BY 2!

4. Pyruvate to the mitochondria

5. Kreb’s Cycle – in the mitochondrial matrix

6. Electron Tranport Chain (detailed)
Electron Transport Chain – virtual animation
ATP synthase in mitochondria – virtual animation

7. Where do the electrons come from?

8. Chemiosmosis

9. ATP synthase uses the hydrogen gradient for chemiosmosis

10. Reactions in Respiration
Inputs
Outputs
Glycolysis (cytoplasm)
Glucose
2ATP
4ADP
2NAD+
Krebs Cycle (mitochondria)
Pyruvate
NAD+
CoA
FAD
ADP
Glycolysis (Cytoplasm)
2ADP
4ATP
2NADH
2 pyruvate
Krebs Cycle (mitochondria)
NADH
CO2
FADH2
ATP

11. Reactions in Respiration (cont.)
Inputs
Outputs
Electron Transport Chain in mitochondria membrane
NADH
FADH2 O2
Electron Transport Chain in mitochondria membrane
NAD+
FAD
ATP
H2O

12. Cellular Respiration Summary
C6H12O6 + O2
CO2 + H2O ATP
3 Basic Steps:
Glycolysis (in the cytoplasm)
Kreb’s Cycle (inner mitochondrial space)
Electron Transport Chain (mitochondrial membrane)
glucose
pyruvate + ATP + NADH
pyruvate
NADH + FADH2 + ATP + CO2
NADH + FADH2 + O2
ATP + H20

13. Photosynthesis Respiration Inputs Outputs C6H12O6 + O2 CO2 + H2O + ATP
Light CO2 + H2O C6H12O6 + O2
Inputs
Outputs
C6H12O6 + O2
CO2 + H2O ATP
Respiration

14. Reactions in Photosynthesis (Chloroplast)
Inputs
Outputs
Light Dependent Reactions in the Thylakoid
Light
H2O
NADP+
ADP
Calvin Cycle in the Stroma
ATP
CO2
NADPH
Light Dependent Reactions in the Thylakoid O2
NADPH
ATP
Calvin Cycle in the Stroma
ADP
NADP+
Glucose (C6H12O6)

16. Light Reaction … light energy shakes chlorophyl … releases electons

17. In the Thylakoid

18. Chemiosmosis

19. In the Stroma
The ATP and NADPH was made during the light reactions (thylakoid)
CO2 enters the cycle at top
Glucose / Organic compounds are the output

20. Review – Big Picture

21. Sunlight to ATP
Big Picture Review

22. CO2
H2O
NADPH
Thylakoid
Stroma
ATP
Glucose O2
chloroplast
Glycolysis (cytoplasm)
ATP
NADH
pyruvate
ATP
mitochondria
NADH
Kreb’s Cycle
Electron Transport
CO2
FADH2
ATP
H2O

23. Photosynthesis and Respiration work together!
Matter is cycled within these two processes
Energy flows through these two processes
Sunlight provides the energy that eventually becomes ATP in you

24. Compare the 2 procceses
Similarities
Differences

25. What’s ATP?

27. What’s ATP used for? ATP is the spending money of the cell
It allows for other molecules to be phosphorylated
Phosphorylation allows for transport work, mechanical work, and chemical work

28. Redox Reactions Carbon is oxidized by Oxygen (oxidizing agent)
Oxygen is reduced by Carbon (reducing agent)

29. Why does the food we eat not immediately combust in our bodies?
Many, many, many, many steps taken to release the energy!
Glycolysis
Kreb’s cycle
ETC
This insures we don’t blow up from our food being oxidized too quickly!

30. No oxygen = anaerobic pathway
Yeast/bacteria
Produce ethanol when deprived of oxygen … still has some energy
Humans
Produce lactic acid when deprived of oxygen
Recycled in liver to produce pyruvate

31. Anaerobic Respiration
Without Oxygen
No electron transport chain … less ATP
2 types:
Alcoholic fermentation: (bacteria, yeast)
Pyruvate + NADH Ethanol + NAD+ + CO2
Lactic Acid fermentation: (animals like you)
Pyruvate + NADH Lactic Acid + NAD+ What’s different about these two equations?
How can you set up an experiment to detect the difference?

33. Catabolic Pathways
Note: it’s not just carbohydrates (glucose) that gets converted into ATP
What happens to proteins?
What happens to fats?

34. Control of Respiration … feedback systems
Lots of AMP (low energy molecule)
Stimulates enzyme to produce ATP
Lots of ATP or Citrate
Shuts down enzyme to prevent overproduction

35. Allosteric Enzymes

36. Feedback Mechanisms Control Respiration