1. Phylum Apicomplexa Gregarines, Coccidians ~ 5,000 species
All parasitic

2. Apical complex Organelles for attaching parasite to host cell
Hooks/suckers

3. Plasmodium vivax Causes malaria Kills 1-3 million / year
Mostly in Africa
Vector = mosquito

5. Malaria: important world-wide disease
> million infections / year
> 1 million deaths / year
Distinctive fever pattern – cyclic 48 hours

6. Gregarine: gut parasites of many invertebrates
Best known from arthropods
sporozoite

7. spores
In beetle

8. Phylum Dinoflagellata
~ 4,000 species described
Most unicellular, some are filamentous or colonial
Some planktonic, some symbiotic (w/ corals, other cnidarians)

9. Red tide caused by dinoflagellates
Discolored area of ocean with billions of dinoflagellates
Produce toxins, kill everything.

10. Two flagella: armor or not
Ceratium

11. Ceratium sp.
020_05ceratium414.jpg

13. Noctiluca

14. Dinoflagellates Freshwater and marine Osmoregulation by pusules
Tubules that open to outside
Autotrophic and heterotrophic
Switch
Many photo pigments

15. Repro
Asexual
Sexual: haploid cells divide, produce daughter cells = gametes
Forms cyst, resting stage

16. Phylum Rhizopoda: amebas
~ 200 species
Most free-living, some endosymbiotic, some pathogenic
Pseudopodia in all

17. Entamoeba histolytica Amebic dysentery
4 nuclei - cyst found in fecal smear

18. Difflugia

19. Phylum Actinopoda ~4,240 species Radiolarians, Heliozoans, etc.
Most w/internal siliceous skeletons
Planktonic and benthic
Heterotrophic mostly (phagocytosis)
Binary fission, budding, sex rare

20. Actinopoda
“ray feet” = axopodia
Slender pseudopodia
Actinosphaerium

22. Actinosphaerium

23. Foraminifera ~ 40,000 species All aquatic habitats
Some planktonic, most benthic
Tests form chalks, marble, limestone

24. Chalk cliffs of Dover

25. Phylum Diplomonadida
Plasma membrane rigid from three microtubular roots
Most phagotrophic, feed on bacteria
Asexual, most form cysts

26. Giardia No mitochondria, ER, or Golgi bodies Warm climates mostly
In severe infections every cell in gut is covered by a parasite.
Coating of inside of intestine interferes with absorption

27. Giardia lamblia

28. Phylum Chlorophyta “Green algae” - green chloroplasts Like plants
Some colonial
Some have lost photosynthesis = heterotrophs

29. Volvox

30. Phylum Opalinida Many rows of cilia - different than in ciliates
Reproduction is longitudinal (like flagellates), not transverse (ciliates)
~ 150 species
Endosymbiotic in frog and toad gut

31. Phylum Opalinida Sexual repro by synamy Asexual = binary fission
Opalina

32. Protist Phylogeny Origins ~ 2.5 bya Evolution of eukaryotes?
Serial Endosymbiotic Theory (SET)

33. Serial endosymbiotic theory