1. Global observations of climatically important atmospheric gases and aerosols during HIPPO Britton Stephens (NIWA/NCAR) and HIPPO Science Team

2. PIs: Harvard, NCAR, Scripps, NOAA, others Global and seasonal survey of CO 2, O 2, CH 4, CO, N 2 O, H 2, SF 6, COS, CFCs, HCFCs, O 3, H 2 O, CO 2 isotopes, Ar, black carbon, and hydrocarbons NSF / NCAR Gulfstream V 5 campaigns over 4 years Continuous profiling from surface to 10 km, and to 15 km twice per flight hippo.ucar.edu (also Facebook, Twitter, YouTube) Canterbury, New ZealandBrooks Range, AlaskaPago Pago, American Samoa

3. ModelModel Name 1CSU 2GCTM 3UCB 4UCI 5JMA 6MATCH.CCM3 7MATCH.NCEP 8MATCH.MACCM2 9NIES ANIRE BTM2 CTM3 Continental-scale carbon flux uncertainties are still very large, owing to biases in atmospheric CO 2 transport [Stephens et al., 2007] Tropical Land and Northern Land fluxes plotted versus annual-mean northern- hemisphere vertical CO 2 gradient

4. Aircraft Performance Maximum Range¹6,500 nm12,046 km Maximum Cruise Altitude51,000 ft15,545 m Maximum Payload6,500 lb2,948 kg NSF/NCAR Gulfstream V Jet (GV) (HIAPER = High-performance Instrumented Airborne Platform for Environmental Research)

5. HIPPO Science Team: Harvard University: S. C. Wofsy, B. C. Daube, R. Jimenez, E. Kort, J. V. Pittman, S. Park, R. Commane, Bin Xiang, G. Santoni; (GEOS-CHEM) D. Jacob, J. Fisher, C. Pickett-Heaps, H. Wang, K. Wecht, Q.-Q. Wang National Center for Atmospheric Research: B. B. Stephens, S. Shertz, P. Romashkin, T. Campos, J. Haggerty, W. A. Cooper, D. Rogers, S. Beaton, R. Lueb NOAA ESRL and CIRES: J. W. Elkins, D. Fahey, R. Gao, F. Moore, S. A. Montzka, J. P. Schwartz, D. Hurst, B. Miller, C. Sweeney, S. Oltmans, D. Nance, E. Hintsa, G. Dutton, L. A. Watts, R. Spackman, K. Rosenlof, E. Ray UCSD/Scripps: R. Keeling, J. Bent Princeton: M. Zondlo, Minghui Diao U. Miami: E. A. Atlas TCCON: Vanessa Sherlock et al. JPL: M. J. Mahoney; (AIRS) M. Chahine, E. Olsen Cooperating modeling groups: ACTM P. Patra, K. Ishijima; GEMS-MACC R. Engelen; TM3/TM5 Sara Mikaloff-Fletcher;

6. HIPPO Aircraft Instrumentation O 2 :N 2, CO 2, CH 4, CO, N 2 O, other GHGs, CO 2 isotopes, Ar/N 2, COS, halocarbons, solvent gases, marine emission species, many more Whole air sampling: NWAS (NOAA), AWAS (Miami), MEDUSA (NCAR/Scripps) O 3 (1 Hz)‏NOAA GMD O 3 T, P, winds, aerosols, cloud waterMTP, wing stores, etc Black Carbon (1 Hz)‏NOAA SP2 H 2 O (1 Hz)‏Princeton/SWS VCSEL CO, CH 4, N 2 O, CFCs, HCFCs, SF 6, CH 3 Br, CH 3 Cl, H 2, H 2 O NOAA- UCATS, PANTHER GCs (1 per 70 – 200 s) CO (1 Hz)‏NCAR RAF CO O 3 (1 Hz)‏NOAA CSD O 3 CO 2 (1 Hz)‏Harvard OMS CO 2 O 2 :N 2, CO 2 (1 Hz)‏NCAR AO2 CO 2, CH 4, CO, N 2 O (1 Hz)‏Harvard/Aerodyne - QCLS

7. HIPPO_3 Mar/Apr 2010 (same track NB, SB) HIPPO_4 Jun 2011 (NB track TBD) HIPPO_5 Sep 2011 (NB track TBD) ~ 600 vertical profiles; nearly 1000 at HIPPO's conclusion. HIPPO_2 Nov 2009

8. HIPPO_1 Xsects along the Dateline Jan 2009

9. HIPPO_1 Xsects along the Dateline Jan 2009

10. HIPPO_2 Xsects along the Dateline Nov 2009

11. N 2 O CO CH 4 Pollution over the Arctic

12. January 12, 2009 HIPPO1 AO2 Profiles at 80 N

13. January 20, 2009 HIPPO1 AO2 Profiles at 65 S Southern Ocean O 2 outgassing

14. O 2 Cross Section, January, 2009 per meg

15. APO Cross Section, January, 2009 Atmospheric Potential Oxygen: APO = O 2 + 1.1*CO 2 per meg

16. HIPPO2 and HIPPO3 AO2 Profiles at 67 S November 2009April 2010

17. HIPPO 3 AO2 Profiles at 65 N

18. HIPPO1 Ar/N 2 Data

19. CFC-11Halon-1211 Whole-Air Sampling NWAS / AWAS (E. Atlas, S. Montzka) Mid-Pacific Sample coverage

20. Methyl chloroform Dichloromethane Ethyne Benzene

21. Dimethyl SulfideCarbonyl Sulfide Carbon DisulfideMethyl Nitrate

22. Earth Simulator – ACTM CCSR/NIES/FRCGC AGCM – P. Patra GEOS-CHEM (NASA DAO) - Harvard Team MACC-GEMS ECMWF Air Quality and Air Chemistry – R. Engelen TM3 (NIWA), TM5 planned – S. Mikaloff-Fletcher Models with detailed simulations of HIPPO Data Detailed Model results for HIPPO_1: CO2 SF6 C2H6 CO N2O CH4 O3 PAN NOx HCHO BlkC O2 GEOS_C 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 * ACTM 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 MACC 0 0 1 1, Fcst 0 1 1 1 1 1 TM3 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1

23. CH 4 ACTM HIPPO Obs offset 31 ppb sources and vertical and horizontal transport

25. Jan 2009 Observed ACTM (GEIA)

27. Profiles over Ocean NH Tropical Troposphere Arctic Boundary Layer Plume at 23N, 10km Plume RF04, 8km

29. CarbonTracker Comparisons

30. Preliminary APO comparison Fluxes: Mean ocean O 2 : Gruber et al., 2001 Seasonal ocean O 2 and N 2 : Garcia and Keeling, 2001 Mean ocean N 2 : Gloor et al., 2001 Seasonal + mean ocean CO 2 : Takahashi et al., 2009 Fossil-fuel CO 2 and O 2 : CDIAC January Mean APO from Climatological fluxes in TM3 HIPPO1 APO Observations per meg

31. Summary: 3 of 5 HIPPO campaigns completed and data are revealing a wealth of information A new type of data: global, high-precision, fine-grained, and many species Clearly dilineate transport processes (warm-conveyor belt, strat-trop exchange, Arctic cold-dome, marine and continental PBL) and source regions (tropical N 2 O, marine reactive species, Southern Ocean O 2 and CO 2 ) in ways not achieved beforeExpected to challenge models of carbon fluxes and of atmospheric transport and chemistry Data will be publicly available 12-18 months post flight We welcome collaboration with atmospheric, oceanic, and terrestrial modelers and with those making measurements on other platforms

33. NCAR Airborne Oxygen Instrument (AO2) System components:

35. note scale change for GEMS