1. Paper Maps Review

2. Georeferencing Process 1.Find the most specific named place. 2.Determine the coordinates and datum of the named place using orthogonal offsets (measured on map, converted to real-world distances) from known coordinates. 3.Determine the extent of the named place. 4.Determine map measurement error. 5.Determine Locality Type.

3. Georeferencing Process 6.If Locality Type is “Distance only”, “Named place only”, or “Distance along path”… - enter the coordinates of the named place or click on the “Promote” button to copy the coordinates from your prior calculation. - select “Error only” Calculation Type - select the Locality Type - set all parameters on the Calculator - click on the “Calculate” button.

4. Georeferencing Process 6.If Locality Type is “Distance at a heading” or “Distance along orthogonal directions”… - enter the coordinates of the named place or click on the “Promote” button to copy the coordinates from your prior calculation. - select “Coordinates and error” Calculation Type - select the Locality Type - set all parameters on the Calculator - click on the “Calculate” button.

5. uMnyama river crossing NW Upper Gxulu 1) Find most specific named place

6. 2) Measure distances to named place 253.5 mm = 12.675 km N 183.5 mm = 9.175 km E uMnyama river crossing NW Upper Gxulu

8. 3) Determine extent of named place 4) Determine map measurement error.5 mm = 0.025 km

10. Swamp 1.5 km S Tavistock 1.5 km 1) Find most specific named place

11. Swamp 1.5 km S Tavistock 2) Measure distances to named place 89 mm = 4.45 km W 135 mm = 6.75 km S

13. 3) Determine extent of named place 4) Determine map measurement error 13 mm = 0.65 km Swamp 1.5 km S Tavistock

15. Slope above excavation, Maqweni’s Hill, 900m 1) Find named place

16. Slope above excavation, Maqweni’s Hill, 900m 1) Find most specific named place 900m

17. Slope above excavation, Maqweni’s Hill, 900m 2) Measure distances to named place

18. Slope above excavation, Maqweni’s Hill, 900m 1) Find most specific named place 17 mm =.85 km 3) Determine extent of named place 4) Determine map measurement error

20. 3 km NW mouth Soutrivier Kanaal 1) Find most specific named place

21. 3 km NW mouth Soutrivier Kanaal 2) Measure distances to named place 205 mm = 10.25 km N 51.5 mm = 2.575 km W

22. 3 km NW mouth Soutrivier Kanaal 2) Calculate coordinates of named place

24. 3 km NW mouth Soutrivier Kanaal 3) Determine extent of named place 4) Determine measurement error 1 mm = 0.05 km

25. 5) Determine Locality Type 6) Calculate “Offset at a heading” 3 km NW mouth Soutrivier Kanaal

28. Double check!

30. Final georeference 3 km NW mouth Soutrivier Kanaal