1. Distributed Coordination in Power Networks Agustín Irizarry-Rivera, PhD, PE iprs@ece.uprm.edu

2. EPNES: Intelligent Power Routers2 State-of-the-Art Power Delivery Producers P1P2 Pn P3 Consumers C1C2 C3 C4 GOAL: De-centralized System Reconfiguration with Minimal Human Intervention

3. EPNES: Intelligent Power Routers3 Re-routing in Response to Failures Producers P1P2 Pn P3 Consumers C1C2 C3 C4 x x System MTTR Limited by Operator Response Time

4. EPNES: Intelligent Power Routers4 Re-routing in Response to Major Disturbances Producers P1P2 Pn P3 Consumers C1C2 C3 C4 Slow Operator Response May Cause Cascading Failures

5. EPNES: Intelligent Power Routers5 Re-routing in Response to Major Disturbances Producers P1P2 Pn P3 Consumers C1C2 C3 C4 IPRS Respond Promptly to Avoid Further Deterioration

6. EPNES: Intelligent Power Routers6 Our approach De-centralized control in response to major disturbances Intelligent Power Routers (IPR): –modular building blocks –strategically distributed over entire network –embedded intelligence –information exchange allows neighboring IPRs to coordinate network reconfiguration –improve network survivability, security, reliability, and re-configurability

7. EPNES: Intelligent Power Routers7 Restoration Models IPR Protocols Distributed Control Models IPR Architecture Project Organization-Presentation Focus Economics Education Risk Assessment

8. EPNES: Intelligent Power Routers8 Objectives –De-centralized System Reconfiguration Algorithm –Maximize number of high-priority loads served Approach –Model as Network of IPR (Graph Model) –Design Communication Protocols and Routing messages algorithms –Design Objective Function Pr k : Priority of load k, range [1,N], N is the lowest priority L k : each of the loads in the system (power required/load) Y k : Variable decision ( y k = 1 : Served, y k = 0 : not served) R: set of loads De-Centralized Communication & Control Protocols IPR Protocols

9. EPNES: Intelligent Power Routers9 IPR decisions are based on reliability and priority Input - Reliability –IPR requests power from the more reliable input available –Reliability based on historical data or user defined Output - Priority –Load (client) priority –IPR resolve request beginning with highest priority request IPR Protocols

10. EPNES: Intelligent Power Routers10 IPRS Negotiation Scheme Gen 1 Gen 2 Gen 3 Load 2 Load 1 B 1 B 6 B 2 B 5 B 4 B 3 BusLineReliablePriority B2B1 – B22/ B2 – B31/ Load 1/1 B3Gen 21/ B2 – B3/1 B3 – B4/2 B4B3 – B42/ B4 – B51/ Load 2/1 B5Gen 31/ B4 – B5/1 B5 – B6/2 Off On Load 3 On On On — Normal State Message — Request Power — Deny Request — Request Status — Response Status — Affirmative Response IPR Protocols

11. EPNES: Intelligent Power Routers11 IPR Zone Approach Interior-IPR Border-IPR Intra-Zone Messages Intra-Zone Messages Inter-Zone Messages Zone A Zone B Least Reliable Generators Lowest Priority Loads IPR Protocols

12. EPNES: Intelligent Power Routers12 Intra Zone IPR Negotiation Gen 1 250MW Gen 2 300MW Gen 3 270MW Load 2 100MW Load 1 125 MW Load 3 90MW 4 5 9 6 7 8 3 2 1 P1 P3 P2 On Off On 250 150 300 250 150 IPR Protocols

13. EPNES: Intelligent Power Routers13 Outline Background and Problem Statement Report on project activities –IPR Protocols –Benchmark Test Systems –IPR Reliability –Education Year 2 Accomplishments Summary Year 3 Proposed activities

14. EPNES: Intelligent Power Routers14 WSCC 179-Bus System Buses179 Transmission lines203 Transformers60 Generators29 Base Demand60,785 MW Base Generation61,412 MW Benchmark Test Systems

15. EPNES: Intelligent Power Routers15 179 buses divided in Zones 1a 1b 1c 2a 2b AreaGen MW Load MW 1a2826625839 1b55304749 1c70205819 2a58838599 2b1471315780 Benchmark Test Systems

16. EPNES: Intelligent Power Routers16 DCZEDS Simplified Diagram Benchmark Test Systems

17. EPNES: Intelligent Power Routers17 IPR-Controlled 3-bus System 2 Generators 1 LOAD

18. EPNES: Intelligent Power Routers18 IPR-Controlled 3-bus System 3 Energy Flow Control Devices (EFCD) EFCD + IPR = Intelligent Bus 3 IPRs

19. EPNES: Intelligent Power Routers19 IPR-Controlled 3-bus System Fault Generation Circuitry Fault Detection Circuitry

20. EPNES: Intelligent Power Routers20 IPR-Controlled 3-bus System A C D B

21. EPNES: Intelligent Power Routers21 IPRs Achieve Fault Recovery With Local Decisions A B C D Benchmark Test Systems

22. EPNES: Intelligent Power Routers22 Status Studied and partitioned in zones the 179 bus system –Implementing IPR Zone and Multi step negotiation Studied and partitioned in zones the Navy system –Simulation of IPR v1 using SimPower for MatLab –Demonstration of IPR v1 application in a 3-bus system –Experiment demonstrating decentralized control leading to fault recovery Developing a simple IPR messaging protocol (SIMP) Redesign of ONR Zonal Ship System using IPR modules Experimentation with various IPR–based designs Benchmark Test Systems

23. EPNES: Intelligent Power Routers23 Outline Background and Problem Statement Report on project activities –IPR Protocols –Benchmark Test Systems –IPR Reliability –Education Year 2 Accomplishments Summary Year 3 Proposed activities

24. EPNES: Intelligent Power Routers24 Reliability of IPR To calculate the reliability change of a system operated with and without IPR we first need to calculate the reliability of the IPR itself. To do this we need the IPR failure mechanisms failure probabilities … but no IPR has been built yet. Thus, failure mechanisms and probabilities are estimated by analogy to data routers Risk Assessment

25. EPNES: Intelligent Power Routers25 IPR sub-systems Risk Assessment Computer Hardware Software (Algorithms, “Intelligence”) Switch or Power Hardware (Breakers, FACTS, other) IPR (CPU functions, Communications)

26. EPNES: Intelligent Power Routers26 IPR Switch Risk Assessment Computer Hardware Software Switch IPR An existing high voltage circuit breaker, FACTS or another switching device capable of controlling power flow Available breaker redundancy increases the reliability of the IPR

27. EPNES: Intelligent Power Routers27 IPR Intelligence Risk Assessment Computer Hardware Software Switch IPR The software (algorithms) will make and execute decisions to control the switch depending on the network status Network status is monitored locally via sensors and regionally through other IPR Decisions will be based on network status and pre-established contingency tables

28. EPNES: Intelligent Power Routers28 IPR CPU and Communications Risk Assessment Computer Hardware Software Switch IPR Computer hardware consists of CPU functions and a data router to handle communications between IPR. Data may be transferred between IPR via wireless connection, fiber optic, dedicated line, or other methods

29. EPNES: Intelligent Power Routers29 Functional configurations for the IPR sub systems Risk Assessment

30. EPNES: Intelligent Power Routers30 Reliability of IPR IPR Configuration P(S)=0.95 P(R)=0.90009 P(B)=0.99330 P(S)=0.99 P(R)=0.90009 P(B)=0.99330 RFRF (a) 0.849360.150640.885120.11488 (b) 0.891820.108180.893970.10603 (c) 0.934220.065780.973550.02645 (d) 0.972440.027560.981520.01842 (e) 0.980930.019070.983290.016713 Risk Assessment

31. EPNES: Intelligent Power Routers31 Results IPR reliability lower than the reliability of the breaker alone. –the reliability in a series system will be less than the lowest reliability of its components. Is it better to use breaker only instead of IPR? No. –A breaker will act based on local data, without regard to the system state outside its protection zone. –The IPR, through its communication capabilities, will act based on local and regional data enhancing the system reliability. –A Special Protection System, like an IPR, when properly operating, significantly improves system response following a contingency and the system reliability. Risk Assessment

32. EPNES: Intelligent Power Routers32 On Going Work Use other methods to properly capture the increase in reliability of a power system when a special protection scheme, like an IPR, is used. Estimate the change in reliability of a power system operated with and without IPR: Well-Being Risk framework methods. Risk Assessment

33. EPNES: Intelligent Power Routers33 Acknowledgment This project was primarily supported by the NSF/ONR NSF/ONR EPNES Award ECS-0224743 “ Intelligent Power Routers for Distributed Coordination in Electric Energy Processing Networks” Researchers: Agustín Irizarry (PI), Manuel Rodríguez, José Cedeño, Bienvenido Vélez, Miguel Vélez-Reyes, Efraín O’Neill-Carrillo, Alberto Ramírez Students: Carlos Torres, Idalides Vergara, Marianela Santiago, Christian Feliciano