1. DISCOURSE LINKERS
UNIT 1A

2. DISCOURSE LINKERS
REASON
RESULT
PURPOSE
CONTRAST

3. REASON CLAUSE: Because, since, as, seeing that
Less common: inasmuch as, for, in that
NOUN PHRASES: Due to, because of, owing to. With.

4. REASON: SAMPLE SENTENCES
Because, Since, As, Seeing that… They introduce a clause: at the beginning or after the main clause
Ex: Because she was extremely upset, I had to take the video down off the internet
Seeing that: less formal
Ex: Ken just had to apologise, seeing that/as he knew he´d made a mistake

5. REASON For, inasmuch as, in that…..Literary or formal English
The film is unusual in that it features only four actors
Clara and I have quite an easy life, inasmuch as neither of us has to work too hard but we earn quite a lot of money
We must begin planning now, for the future may bring unexpected changes

6. Reason With Because of , due to, owing to
Ex: With so many people ill, I´ve decided to cancel the meeting
Because of , due to, owing to
We have less money due to / owing to/because of budget cuts
The company success is due to the new director

7. RESULT So, as a result, consequently, therefore So: after a comma.
As a result, Consequently, Therefore…..at the beginning of a sentence
Ex: The flight was cancelled. Therefore, we stayed in Sri Lanka
Consequently, Therefore…..before a verb
Ex: We`ve therefore decided to cancel the flight

8. PURPOSE To, in order to, so as to…..+ infinitive
Ex: Trees are being planted by the roadside so as to /to /in order to reduce traffic noise
Ex: He kept the speech vague in order not to commit himself to one side or the other

9. PURPOSE So that, In order that Look at the examples:
Ex: Regular checks are made in order that safety standards are/can be/will be maintained
Ex: I hid the presents so that Jackie wouldn´t find them/couldn´t find them

10. CONTRAST But: less formal Yet: after a comma
Ex. She knew she would make it, yet she was stressed
Nevertheless, However: At the beginning of a sentence, followed by a comma.
Ex: It was extremely dangerous. Nevertheless, she decided to take the risk

11. CONTRAST
Although, Even though, Though….at the beginning , in the middle
Although/Though Reid failed to score himself, he helped Jones to score two goals.
Even though vs Even if
Ex: Even though Tom doesn´t speak Spanish, I think he should still visit Madrid
Ex: Even if Tom doesn´t speak Spanish, I think he should still visit Madrid

12. CONTRAST Despite /In spite of..Noun Phrase, Gerund, clause
Ex: Despite the weather, they decided to go clubbing
Ex: Despite the weather being awful,….
Ex: Despite the fact the weather was awful….