1. Strand 1: The Chemistry of Living Things

3. Is the basic unit of matterIs the basic unit of matter Is made up of the Proton, Neutron, and Electron Is made up of the Proton, Neutron, and Electron

4. An Atom consists of Neutral ElectronCloud

5. Are pure substances that consist entirely of one type of atomAre pure substances that consist entirely of one type of atom More than 100 elements are knownMore than 100 elements are known Represented by a letter symbolRepresented by a letter symbol

6. Substances formed by the chemical combination of two or more elements.Substances formed by the chemical combination of two or more elements. What is NaCl?What is NaCl? How about H 2 0?How about H 2 0?

8. pH scale measures the concentration of H+ ions in a solution

9. Ranges from 0-14 A At a pH of 7, the concentrations of H+ and OH- ions are equal

10. Solutions below 7 are acidic because they have more H+ ions than pure waterSolutions below 7 are acidic because they have more H+ ions than pure water

11. Solutions above 7 are called basic, because they have less H+ ions than pure water

14. What’s so great about Carbon? It has 4 valence electrons…so it bonds with many other elements!It has 4 valence electrons…so it bonds with many other elements! It can also bond with itself, forming long chains and ringsIt can also bond with itself, forming long chains and rings

15. Hydrogen Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Phosphorus Sulfur

16. Monomers bond together to make a polymer Like a chain of molecules

17. Carbohydrates Lipids Nucleic acids Proteins

18. Carbohydrates Carbohydrates are made up of C, H, and O, with a ratio of 1:2:1.

19. Carb Function? Main source of energy for all cellular activityMain source of energy for all cellular activity Provides structure for plants and animalsProvides structure for plants and animals Humans store extra sugar as glycogenHumans store extra sugar as glycogen

20. Single sugar moleculeSingle sugar molecule Smallest is glucoseSmallest is glucose Examples include:Examples include: –Glucose –Galactose –Fructose

22. LIPIDS Not soluble in H2O (hydrophobic)Not soluble in H2O (hydrophobic) Mostly carbon and hydrogenMostly carbon and hydrogen Include fats, oils, steroids, and waxesInclude fats, oils, steroids, and waxes

23. Lipid Function?

24. Form when a glycerol molecule combines with 3 fatty acidsForm when a glycerol molecule combines with 3 fatty acids Saturated (no carbon- carbon double bonds) fat is bad for you!Saturated (no carbon- carbon double bonds) fat is bad for you!

25. Nucleic Acids Contain hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, and phosphorousContain hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, and phosphorous Are polymers assembled from nucleotides.Are polymers assembled from nucleotides. Store and transmit genetic informationStore and transmit genetic information Include RNA & DNAInclude RNA & DNA

26. 5-carbon sugar5-carbon sugar phosphate groupphosphate group nitrogenous basenitrogenous base

27. Proteins Proteins contain hydrogen, nitrogen, carbon, and oxygencontain hydrogen, nitrogen, carbon, and oxygen are Chains of amino acidsare Chains of amino acids Proteins have Many different functions!Proteins have Many different functions!

28. Protein function? Control the rate of reactions and regulate cell processesControl the rate of reactions and regulate cell processes Form bone and muscleForm bone and muscle Transport substances into or out of cellsTransport substances into or out of cells Help to fight diseaseHelp to fight disease

29. MonosaccharideMonosaccharide

30. Alcohol 3 Fatty Acids

31. Amino Acid

32. Chemical Reactions & Enzymes Chemical reactions change one set of chemicals into anotherChemical reactions change one set of chemicals into another Reactants ProductsReactants Products Chem rxns always involve bond changes!Chem rxns always involve bond changes!

33. Paper will only burn if lit with a match!

34. Are proteins that act as biological catalystsAre proteins that act as biological catalysts Speed up chemical reactionsSpeed up chemical reactions Lower activation energyLower activation energy Are very specific, only work with certain substratesAre very specific, only work with certain substrates

35. Regulate chemical pathways Make materials for cells Release energy Transfer information

37. Enzymes provide a site where reactants can be brought together to reactEnzymes provide a site where reactants can be brought together to react This reduces the energy needed for the reactionThis reduces the energy needed for the reaction The reactants of enzyme- catalyzed reactions are known as substratesThe reactants of enzyme- catalyzed reactions are known as substrates ACTIV E SITE

38. Do enzymes require certain conditions?

39. At what temp. do you think enzymes in the human body work best????