1. Skeletal organization
Axial Skeleton
Skull
Hyoid bone
Vertebral column
Thorax
Appendicular Skeleton
Pectoral girdle
Upper limbs
Pelvic girdle
Lower limbs

2. Axial Skeleton Longitudinal axis of body 80 bones Strong
restricted movement

3. Functions of Axial Skeleton
Support and protect organs
Attach to muscles that support head, neck, and trunk
Attach to breathing muscles
Attach to muscles of appendicular skeleton

4. Bones associated with skull
8 cranial bones
14 facial bones
Bones associated with skull
6 auditory
Hyoid bone
Vertebral Column
24 vertebrae
Sacrum
Coccyx (tail bone)
Thoracic Cage
24 ribs
Sternum

5. The skull

6. The skull 22 bones of the skull Infantile Skull 8 cranial bones
Encloses and protects the brain
Provide attachment for muscles
Air-filled sinuses to reduce weight
14 facial bones
7 Associated Bones
Infantile Skull
Incompletely developed
Fontanels: soft spots that aid for birth

7. The Skull Bones: CRANIUM
8 Cranial bones
Occipital
Foramen magnum
Parietal
2- Right and Left
Frontal
Temporal
2-Right and left
Mastoid Process
Sphenoid
Ethmoid

8. The Skull Bones: SUTURES OF THE CRANIUM
8 Cranial bones
Coronal Suture
Mid-Sagittal Suture
Lambdoidal Suture
Squamous Suture

9. The Skull Bones: FACIAL
14 Facial bones
2 each for the following (Rt/Lt):
Maxilla
Palatine
Nasal
Inferior Nasal Concha
Zygomatic
Lacrimal
1 of the following:
Mandible
Vomer

10. The Skull Bones: ASSOCIATED BONES
6 Auditory ossicles
Found within temporal bone
External Auditory Canal
Malleus (hammer)
Incus (anvil)
Stapes (stirrup)
1 Hyoid bone

11. The vertebral column

12. The vertebral column Stretches from skull to pelvis
Composed of vertebrae separated by intervertebral discs
Cervical (C1-C7)
Smallest of all
Comprise the neck
Atlas
Axis
Thoracic (T1-T12)
Articulate with the ribs
Lumbar (L1-L5)
Largest of all
Support the weight of the body
Sacrum (5 fused)
Coccyx

13. 5 regions of Vertebral Column

14. Vertebrae Components
Scoliosis
Kyphotic
Lordosis

15. General Vertebral Anatomy

18. Different vertebrae

19. Sacrum and Coccyx

21. Thoracic cage

22. Thoracic cage 12 total ribs Ribs 7 true rubs 5 false ribs
Directly articulate with the sternum
5 false ribs
Do not articulate with the sternum
2 are floating

23. Function of Thoracic Cavity
Protection of heart, lungs, and others
Attachment of muscles for respiration, vertebral column, pectoral girdle, and upper limbs

24. Thoracic cage Sternum Manubrium Body Xiphoid process
Anterior midline of thoracic cage
3 parts
Manubrium
Body
Xiphoid process

25. Sternum Manubrium Articulates with collar Bone and first rib
Attaches to ribs 2-7
Attaches to diaphragm and an abdominal muscle

27. Angle
Tubercle
Neck
Head
(Vertebral end)
Tubercular Body
Sternal End (attaches to Costal Cartilage)