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To Accompany Comprehensive, Alternate, and Texas Editions American Government: Roots and Reform, 10th edition Karen O’Connor and Larry J. Sabato Pearson Education, 2009 Chapter 19 Foreign and Defense Policy
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Theories of Foreign Policy Isolationism, or avoiding foreign entanglement. Unilateralism, or acting without consulting others. Moralism, or placing an emphasis on morality. Pragmatism, or taking advantage of situations for gain.
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Early U.S. Foreign Policy Constitution gives national government power. President makes treaties, Congress declares war. Early nation hesitant to involve itself in foreign affairs. British impressment leads to 1807 Embargo Act. Conflict gives way to War of 1812. Monroe Doctrine attempts to stop European expansion.
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U.S. as an Emerging Power Adoption of protectionist tariffs. Belief in manifest destiny. Expansion beyond the Western Hemisphere. Spanish-American War cements U.S. as colonial power.
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Early Twentieth Century Intervention in Latin America under Roosevelt Corollary. Eventual involvement in World War I in 1917. Wilson advocates post-war idea of collective security. Embodied in attempt to form League of Nations. Interwar years characterized by high tariffs.
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World War II and Its Aftermath U.S. becomes involved in war after Pearl Harbor attack. War fought on two fronts, Europe and Asia. Post-war movement for peace leads to United Nations. Bretton Woods Agreement and the IMF and World Bank. Signals movement toward multilateralism.
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Cold WarCold War and Containment Attempts to contain spread of communism. Truman Doctrine to aid countries fighting communism. Marshall Plan to aid countries rebuilding after war. Establishment of North American Treaty Organization. Outbreak of war in Korea. U.S. military strategy now based on deterrence.
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Cuba, Vietnam, and Détente Cuban Missile Crisis starts new period of Soviet relations. Vietnam War to prevent spread of communism. Struggle in Vietnam illustrates need for change. Improvement in U.S.-Soviet relations known as détente. President Carter places emphasis on human rights.
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Cold War Ends U.S.-Soviet relations are tense in early 1980s. Reagan Doctrine promises aid to groups fighting Soviets. Leads Soviets to reconsider foreign policy. Relations improve again, and soon after Cold War ends. Soviet Union dissolves.
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Searching for a New World Order Iraq invades Kuwait in 1990. Operation Desert Storm launched under Powell Doctrine. Generally considered a success. Clinton faced with issue of engagement or enlargement. Adoption of North American Free Trade Agreement. Creation of World Trade Organization.
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War on Terrorism September 11, 2001 al-Qaeda attacks. War in Afghanistan against the Taliban. Bush Doctrine of preemptive strikes. Iraq invasion suspecting weapons of mass destruction. War in Iraq continues today.
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Executive Branch Policy Making President is most powerful foreign policy actor. Aided by a variety of bureaucratic agencies. Departments of State, Defense, and Homeland Security. Joint Chiefs of Staff. National Security Agency and Council. Central Intelligence Agency.
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Congressional Policy Making Develop and implement policy. Conduct oversight investigations. Ratify treaties. Approve appointments. Make appropriations.Make appropriations Use powers under War Powers Act.
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Other Actors Military-industrial complex. News media, which acts as a filter. Public opinion, interest, and action.Public opinion Nongovernmental organizations.
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Twenty-First Century Challenges Promoting democracy in the Middle East. Resolving the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan. Identifying transnational threats to peace. Awareness of technological warfare.
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Unilateralism and Multilateralism Unilateralists think U.S. should always protect itself. This may mean defying the U.N. or other organizations. Multilateralists say U.S. cannot always make the rules. Should try to build international consensus for action.
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Figure 19.1- Cold War Alliances Back
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Figure 19.2- U.S. Defense Spending Back
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Figure 19.3- Most Important Problem Back
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