1. Page 1 中国道路交通排放模型及其应用 China Road Transport Emission Model(HBFEA Expert Version) 孙胜阳 可持续交通项目，德国国际合作机构（ GIZ ） April 2015 如何利用模型计算交通排放

2. Page 2 大纲 Outline  欧洲道路交通排放因子手册 Handbook of Emission Factors in Road Transport(HBEFA)  HBEFA 本地化技术思路 Approach to adapt HBEFA to China  交通排放计算工具 Emission quantification tool - software package

3. Page 3 交通排放计算的基本公式 Specific emission intensity (g /km) Source Activity (VKT, km) Emissions (kg) X =  i ( ) Where: i: the type of activity, could be of multiple dimension Dependency Travel survey or travel demand model Fleet Composition Emission Factor Database

4. Page 4 交通排放计算工具 Classification of different emission models used in Europe, Australia and USA Europe PΔP Australia Australia/ Europe Micro level (e.g. streets) City/regional/ project level National level PHEM model TRMOD/HBEFA Europe Germany/ Switzerland COPERT & PΔP Australia HBEFA COPERT MOVES USA Aggregation

5. Page 5 Emission Factor Database Development in China 目前国内排放因子数据库的开发进展 National-level public access emission factor database is not available 目前国内尚没有公开发布排放因子数据库  China Vehicle Emission Model(CVEM)  VECC developed and maintain the China Vehicle Emission Model(CVEM) 环保部机动 车排污监控中心开发并维护中国机动车排放模 型  But this model only include pollutants emission factors, no carbon emission factors 但是这个模型仅包括污染物排放因子，没有碳 排放因子  Activities in other research institute  Beijing Jiaotong University, Qinghua University, CARTARC etc.

6. Page 6 6 China Vehicle Emission Model(CVEM) 中国机动车排放模型 范围：包括汽车、摩托车和低速载货汽车，共 3 大类 ； 机动车类型划分 12 类，细分为 34 小类，包括出租车和公交车； 燃料类型包括汽油、柴油和燃气 3 类； 排放标准涉及国 0 、国 1 、国 2 、国 3 和国 4 标准 5 个阶段； 污染物的种类包括： CO 、 HC 、 NOx 和 PM4 类； 排放种类包括冷启动排放、热运行排放及蒸发排放

7. Page 7 欧洲道路交通排放因子手册 (HBEFA) -HBEFA 是由欧洲的数个国家联合开发的， 包括德国、瑞士、奥地利、瑞典、挪威、 法国等 -1995 年发布了第一版，此后在持续更新和 完善，目前 3.2 版本 -HBEFA 提供车辆热运行、冷启动和蒸发排 放过程的排放因子。包括污染物排放因子 、燃油消耗和二氧化碳排放因子等

8. Page 8 HBEFA: Emission factors for different vehicle subsegments Passenger Car Motorcycle Urban bus Coaches Light duty veh. Single truck PC < 1.4 L PC 1.4-2.0 L PC > 2.0 L Truck ≤ 7.5 t Truck 7.5-12 t Truck 12-14 t … Gasoline Diesel LPG CNG FFV Pre Euro 1 Euro 1 Euro 2 Euro 3 Euro 4 Euro 5 Euro 6 Particle filter SCR EGR Vehicle categories Vehicle size Fuel types Emission Standards Reduction technologies Abbreviations: PC = Passenger car; LPG = Liquefied Petroleum Gas; CNG = Compressed Natural Gas; FFV = Flexible Fuel Vehicles; SCR = Selective Catalytic Reduction; EGR = Exhaust Gas Recirculation 1) Including articulated vehicles. Truck trailer 1) …

9. Page 9 HBEFA 排放因子与交通运行工况关系密切  traffic situations of HBEFA are categorised by: ›areas: urban/rural ›road types: e.g. motorway, trunk road ›speed limits: e.g. 50 km/h ›levels of services: free flow, heavy traffic, saturated, stop & go  276 different traffic situations (more than 120 for urban areas)

10. Page 10 Emission factors only based on average speed are not sufficient for detailed analyses

11. Page 11 HBEFA approach: Calculation of emission factors for all traffic situations using the PHEM model Engine power Engine speed Engine map Fuel PHEM model Emission factors Traffic situations Real world emission measurements  approach is also feasible for other countries  existing engine maps (particularly for CO2) can be used for the calculation of emission factors based on local traffic situations

12. Page 12 PHEM 模型 (Passenger car and Heavy duty Emission Model) in detail Roller test bench Engine test bed On-Board measurements (Real world) driving cycles Engine maps Passenger car Trucks (Additional) Engine power Engine speed Em  Engine maps are based on real world measurements data  Type approval cycles can’t be used PHEM model

13. Page 13 大纲 Outline  欧洲道路交通排放因子手册 Handbook of Emission Factors in Road Transport(HBEFA)  HBEFA 本地化技术思路 Approach to adapt HBEFA to China  交通排放计算工具 Emission quantification tool - software package

14. Page 14 HBEFA 本地化的技术思路 Approach to Localize HBEFA On road driving data collection, GPS recording second by second Emission Factors Database in China Driving data pre-process, map matching Develop local driving cycles/traffic situations Using PHEM Model to generate new emission factors Real measurement of typical vehicles in China Validate the PHEM Model to China Context

15. Page 15 Specification of Traffic Situations in China Considering the on road traffic conditions and network performance in Beijing, traffic situations was specified as:  5 road type: Highway, Expressway, Major Arterial, Minor Arterial, and Branch Road  Speed limit for each road type  5 Level of Service (comparing to 4 LOS in HBEFA)

16. Page 16 机动车行驶数据采集 On Road Driving Data Collection  GPS transmitters were applied to record real road vehicle movements.  Measurements are made second by second (1 Hz)  GPS data was collected in both Beijing and Shenzhen with a total of more than 2000 hours of driving data GPS receiver +

17. Page 17 地图匹配 Map Matching to identify road type Beijing TRC floating car system was applied as a tool to conduct map matching

18. Page 18 Descriptive statistical driving cycle data Cell count Dist(km) Total time(h) Average weighted by distance Speed (km/h)RPA (m/s 2 )Stop time (%) Branch 14361804.30138.5221.410.1725.7% Expressway 16315916.15170.7845.430.144.9% Expressway sideroad 11322083.9292.1831.680.1716.8% Highway 5592683.0875.5954.180.139.4% Major Arterial 19973919.51202.5928.140.1933.3% Minor Arterial 18362787.30169.2321.680.1929.4% National Highway 2555.262.2425.540.1927.4% Provincial Highway 2673.602.5435.160.1719.6% sideroad 180201.2014.0120.260.2037.4% SUM 882219524.32867.68

19. Page 19 Identification and Selection of Typical Cycles Legend: Untypical driving cycle Typical driving cycle (pre-selection) Selected driving cycle Second best fitting driving cycle HBEFA driving cycle In principle HBEFA cycle can be used

20. Page 20 Selection of Chinese specific traffic situations -Expressway/Highway LOS 1: Free flowLOS 2: Heavy LOS 4: Stop+go 1LOS 5: Stop+go 2LOS 3: Saturated Key parameters: Average speed RPA % stop time km/hm/s3% LOS 171.20.090% LOS 257.30.110% LOS 342.30.131% LOS 425.80.177% LOS 512.00.1726%

21. Page 21 Selection of Chinese specific traffic situations -Major Arterial LOS 1: Free flowLOS 2: Heavy LOS 4: Stop+go 1LOS 5: Stop+go 2LOS 3: Saturated Key parameters: Average speed RPA % stop time km/hm/s3% LOS 1 49.80.175% LOS 2 34.80.2018% LOS 3 24.20.2028% LOS 4 17.60.2340% LOS 5 8.40.2162%

22. Page 22 Selection of Chinese specific traffic situations -Minor Arterial LOS 1: Free flowLOS 2: Heavy LOS 4: Stop+go 1LOS 5: Stop+go 2LOS 3: Saturated Key parameters: Average speed RPA % stop time km/hm/s3% LOS 1 41.00.195% LOS 2 27.30.1816% LOS 3 18.80.1927% LOS 4 12.50.2343% LOS 5 5.30.2065%

23. Page 23 Selection of Chinese specific traffic situations -Branch LOS 1: Free flowLOS 2: Heavy LOS 4: Stop+go 1LOS 5: Stop+go 2LOS 3: Saturated Key parameters: Average speed RPA % stop time km/hm/s3% LOS 1 45.70.123% LOS 2 28.50.2014% LOS 3 19.60.1921% LOS 4 11.90.1927% LOS 5 4.50.1860%

24. Page 24 生成本地化的排放因子 Generate localized emission factors Traffic situations in Beijing Beijing specific emission factors Calculation Computer model to simulate traffic situations (based on engine maps) Computer simulationEngine map ›PHEM model: calculation of engine maps for fuel consumption based on measurement data ›simulation of emission factors based on new traffic situation by using the engine map ›methodology of HBEFA 3.1 input output

25. Page 25 Fuel consumption of gasoline fueled passenger cars (Euro 3) for the Chinese traffic situations

26. Page 26 Fuel consumption of gasoline fueled passenger cars (2002): Chinese and HBEFA traffic situations

27. Page 27 NOx emissions of gasoline fueled passenger cars (Euro 3) for the Chinese traffic situations

28. Page 28 二氧化碳排放因子

29. Page 29 可以计算的排放物

30. Page 30 大纲 Outline  背景 Background information for adaption of emission factors  HBEFA 本地化技术思路 Approach to adapt HBEFA to China  交通排放计算工具 Emission quantification tool - software package

31. Page 31 China Road Transport Emission Model 交通排放计算工具

32. Page 32 HBEFA Expert Version and interfaces to other external data sources Travel activity (vehicle km travelled) Specific GHG emissions (e.g. kg CO2/km) GHG emission (e.g. kg CO2) x= Combine Emission factor database Fleet model HBEFA China Adaption to China Annual VKT Vehicle stock data Transport demand model, surveys etc.

33. Page 33 Overview of HBEFA – modules/sub-models Fleet modelEmission factor databaseResult: EmissionsEmission modelTDM-Input

34. Page 34 Interface 排放模型软件界面

35. Page 35 Integration with Travel Demand Model Outputs from travel demand model could be directly imported to the tool to calculate link-wise emissions

36. Page 36 Sun Shengyang 孙胜阳 Project Manager GIZ China - Sustainable Transport in China contact: shengyang.sun@giz.deshengyang.sun@giz.de 谢谢！ Thank you very much for your attention!