1. Cellular Respiration & Photosynthesis

2. Background Information Producers: are able to convert the sun’s energy into glucose through a process called photosynthesis Producers: are able to convert the sun’s energy into glucose through a process called photosynthesis Include plants, some protists and bacteria Include plants, some protists and bacteria AKA autotrophs AKA autotrophs Photosynthesis requires a special set of pigments called chlorophylls to trap the sunlight in order to make glucose from the water and CO 2 from the atmosphere Photosynthesis requires a special set of pigments called chlorophylls to trap the sunlight in order to make glucose from the water and CO 2 from the atmosphere

3. Background Information (con’t.) Consumers: eat producers or other consumers in order to get the stored glucose to use for their own needs Consumers: eat producers or other consumers in order to get the stored glucose to use for their own needs Includes animals, some protists & bacteria Includes animals, some protists & bacteria Consumers are AKA heterotrophs Consumers are AKA heterotrophs Fungus, bacteria and some protists are part of a specialized group of consumers AKA decomposers (AKA saprophytes) that eat dead organic material Fungus, bacteria and some protists are part of a specialized group of consumers AKA decomposers (AKA saprophytes) that eat dead organic material

4. Food Chain Vocabulary

5. Food Webs Food webs are simply overlapping food chains Food webs are simply overlapping food chains Food webs are complex diagrams showing the relationships between many different organisms Food webs are complex diagrams showing the relationships between many different organisms

6. Energy Potential energy is stored energy that could be used for work Potential energy is stored energy that could be used for work The chemical energy stored between the bonds of atoms is a type of PE. The chemical energy stored between the bonds of atoms is a type of PE. All bonds (ATP, sugar, protein, lipid) store energy All bonds (ATP, sugar, protein, lipid) store energy Kinetic energy is energy of motion, work being done Kinetic energy is energy of motion, work being done Kinetic energy that does not get work done is called thermal energy (heat) Kinetic energy that does not get work done is called thermal energy (heat) When bonds are broken, some of the energy is released as heat When bonds are broken, some of the energy is released as heat

7. Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

8. ATP ATP is broken down to release the energy between the high energy bonds of the phosphate groups ATP is broken down to release the energy between the high energy bonds of the phosphate groups ATP  ADP + P i ATP  ADP + P i ATP is required for cells to do their work and is made from food ATP is required for cells to do their work and is made from food ATP can be made from spare phosphate groups and ADP ATP can be made from spare phosphate groups and ADP ADP + P i  ATP ADP + P i  ATP This process is called cellular respiration and occurs in the mitochondrion of eukaryotic cells This process is called cellular respiration and occurs in the mitochondrion of eukaryotic cells

9. ATP Review ATP is the energy ‘currency’ of your cells ATP is the energy ‘currency’ of your cells All foods entering the body convert the chemical energy stored between their bonds into the high energy bonds between the phosphate groups of ATP All foods entering the body convert the chemical energy stored between their bonds into the high energy bonds between the phosphate groups of ATP The reason for this is that ATP is a very small molecule The reason for this is that ATP is a very small molecule This allows a large amount of energy to be used quickly and easily in the cell This allows a large amount of energy to be used quickly and easily in the cell ATP’s small size also allows it to travel quickly throughout the cell ATP’s small size also allows it to travel quickly throughout the cell

10. Cellular Respiration Results in ATP production Results in ATP production Occurs in the mitochondrion Occurs in the mitochondrion The mitochondrion has an inner membrane AKA the cristae (the folds) The mitochondrion has an inner membrane AKA the cristae (the folds) The center of the mitochondrion is called the matrix The center of the mitochondrion is called the matrix

11. Cellular Respiration Aerobic Respiration Aerobic Respiration Requires oxygen which acts as the ‘final electron acceptor’ in the ets Requires oxygen which acts as the ‘final electron acceptor’ in the ets Requires a mitochondrion Requires a mitochondrion Results in 38 ATP per glucose molecule Results in 38 ATP per glucose molecule Eukaryotes Eukaryotes Anaerobic Respiration Anaerobic Respiration Does not require oxygen Does not require oxygen Does not require a mitochondrion Does not require a mitochondrion Results in 2 ATP per glucose molecule Results in 2 ATP per glucose molecule Prokaryotes (and eukaryotes in certain situations) Prokaryotes (and eukaryotes in certain situations)

12. 1 st Phase: Glycolysis The 1 st stage of respiration The 1 st stage of respiration Occurs in the cytoplasm Occurs in the cytoplasm Converts a 6 Carbon glucose into two 3 Carbon pyruvates Converts a 6 Carbon glucose into two 3 Carbon pyruvates Net gain of 2 ATP Net gain of 2 ATP Electron carriers also generated for later use (2 NADH) Electron carriers also generated for later use (2 NADH) Transition step to Kreb’s cycle: the two 3 Carbon pyruvates are converted into two 2 Carbon acetyl- coA molecules Transition step to Kreb’s cycle: the two 3 Carbon pyruvates are converted into two 2 Carbon acetyl- coA molecules Electrons are generated and transferred to 2 more NADH carriers Electrons are generated and transferred to 2 more NADH carriers Carbon dioxide is released Carbon dioxide is released

13. Glycolysis

14. Glycolysis Animation: http://highered.mcgraw- hill.com/sites/0072507470/student_view0/ chapter25/animation__how_glycolysis_wo rks.html Animation: http://highered.mcgraw- hill.com/sites/0072507470/student_view0/ chapter25/animation__how_glycolysis_wo rks.htmlhttp://highered.mcgraw- hill.com/sites/0072507470/student_view0/ chapter25/animation__how_glycolysis_wo rks.htmlhttp://highered.mcgraw- hill.com/sites/0072507470/student_view0/ chapter25/animation__how_glycolysis_wo rks.html

15. 2 nd Phase: Kreb’s Cycle Occurs in the matrix of the mitochondrion Occurs in the matrix of the mitochondrion The 2 C acetyl-CoA enters the cycle and joins with a 4 C compound The 2 C acetyl-CoA enters the cycle and joins with a 4 C compound Many different compounds are formed and broken down in the Kreb’s cycle (AKA citric acid cycle) Many different compounds are formed and broken down in the Kreb’s cycle (AKA citric acid cycle) Each time, electrons are generated and transferred to electron carriers (6 NADH and 2 FADH 2 ) Each time, electrons are generated and transferred to electron carriers (6 NADH and 2 FADH 2 ) These electrons are needed for the ets where most of the ATP of respiration will be made These electrons are needed for the ets where most of the ATP of respiration will be made 2 ATP are made 2 ATP are made

16. Kreb’s Cycle

17. Animation: http://highered.mcgraw- hill.com/sites/0072507470/student_view0/ chapter25/animation__how_the_krebs_cyc le_works__quiz_1_.html Animation: http://highered.mcgraw- hill.com/sites/0072507470/student_view0/ chapter25/animation__how_the_krebs_cyc le_works__quiz_1_.htmlhttp://highered.mcgraw- hill.com/sites/0072507470/student_view0/ chapter25/animation__how_the_krebs_cyc le_works__quiz_1_.htmlhttp://highered.mcgraw- hill.com/sites/0072507470/student_view0/ chapter25/animation__how_the_krebs_cyc le_works__quiz_1_.html

18. Final Phase: Electron Transport Chain (ets or etc) Where the bulk of ATP is made in aerobic respiration Where the bulk of ATP is made in aerobic respiration Electrons are passed from one protein to the next in the inner membrane (AKA cristae) electron transport chain Electrons are passed from one protein to the next in the inner membrane (AKA cristae) electron transport chain As they do, energy is released and used to pump H+ ions into intermembrane space As they do, energy is released and used to pump H+ ions into intermembrane space

19. Electron Transport Chain H+ ions are allowed to flow back into the matrix through the protein channel of the ATP synthase enzyme H+ ions are allowed to flow back into the matrix through the protein channel of the ATP synthase enzyme The energy of the falling H+ ions is used by the enzyme to make ATP The energy of the falling H+ ions is used by the enzyme to make ATP Oxygen is AKA the final electron acceptor of the electron transport chain. Without it, the process stops and no more ATP can be made Oxygen is AKA the final electron acceptor of the electron transport chain. Without it, the process stops and no more ATP can be made

20. Electron Transport Chain 32-34 ATP can be generated per glucose molecule through this method 32-34 ATP can be generated per glucose molecule through this method The electron carriers that have left their electrons at the electron transport chain can now return to any of the previous steps to get more electrons to bring back to the etc The electron carriers that have left their electrons at the electron transport chain can now return to any of the previous steps to get more electrons to bring back to the etc

21. Electron Transport Chain

22. Hydroelectric Power Analogy

23. Cellular Respiration Summary Glycolysis yields ATP and NADH, H 2 0 released Glycolysis yields ATP and NADH, H 2 0 released Transition step yields NADH, CO 2 released Transition step yields NADH, CO 2 released Krebs cycle yields ATP, NADH & FADH 2, CO 2 released Krebs cycle yields ATP, NADH & FADH 2, CO 2 released ETS creates ATP, H 2 0 is formed ETS creates ATP, H 2 0 is formed ETS requires the presence of O 2 as the final electron acceptor ETS requires the presence of O 2 as the final electron acceptor

25. Anaerobic Respiration AKA Fermentation Is simply glycolysis Is simply glycolysis Occurs in cytoplasm (no mitochondrion required) Occurs in cytoplasm (no mitochondrion required) Prokaryotic organisms use this process Prokaryotic organisms use this process Eukaryotes may use this process when needed (not enough oxygen) Eukaryotes may use this process when needed (not enough oxygen) Creates byproducts: alcohol in yeast or lactic acid in muscle cells Creates byproducts: alcohol in yeast or lactic acid in muscle cells These byproducts act as the final electron acceptor of electrons from the NADH molecules (in aerobic respiration, the FEA is oxygen) These byproducts act as the final electron acceptor of electrons from the NADH molecules (in aerobic respiration, the FEA is oxygen)

26. Cellular Respiration & Photosynthesis

27. Photosynthesis General Equation for photosynthesis: CO 2 + H 2 0- chlorophyll  CO 2 + H 2 0- chlorophyll  Glucose + O 2 Glucose + O 2 Notice that the products of photosynthesis are the reactants of aerobic respiration Notice that the products of photosynthesis are the reactants of aerobic respiration

28. Chloroplast Thylakoids are the individual chlorophyll containing structures Thylakoids are the individual chlorophyll containing structures A granum is a stack of thylakoids A granum is a stack of thylakoids The stroma is the fluid surrounding the thylakoids The stroma is the fluid surrounding the thylakoids

29. Leaf Cross Section

30. Photosynthesis

31. Photosynthesis Light Reactions Light Reactions Take place across the membrane of the thylakoid Take place across the membrane of the thylakoid Two photosystems (PS I & II) capture sunlight to create ATP in ets and put electrons in electron carriers called NADPH Two photosystems (PS I & II) capture sunlight to create ATP in ets and put electrons in electron carriers called NADPH Dark Reactions Dark Reactions AKA the Calvin cycle AKA the Calvin cycle This process of ‘carbon fixing’ takes place in the stroma of the choloroplast This process of ‘carbon fixing’ takes place in the stroma of the choloroplast 1 turn of the Calvin cycle produces 1 G3P 1 turn of the Calvin cycle produces 1 G3P 2 G3P = 1 glucose molecule 2 G3P = 1 glucose molecule

32. Light Reactions Chlorophyll in PS I and II traps sunlight Chlorophyll in PS I and II traps sunlight The sunlight excites electrons which are transferred to NADPH electron carriers and taken to the ets The sunlight excites electrons which are transferred to NADPH electron carriers and taken to the ets The ETS generates ATP necessary in the Calvin cycle to make G3P (2 G3P = glucose) The ETS generates ATP necessary in the Calvin cycle to make G3P (2 G3P = glucose) Both the ATP and NADPH enter the stroma to complete the Calvin cycle Both the ATP and NADPH enter the stroma to complete the Calvin cycle Water splits to release electrons to replenish the supply at PS II Water splits to release electrons to replenish the supply at PS II The electrons used in the ets go to PS I to replenish the electron supply there The electrons used in the ets go to PS I to replenish the electron supply there

33. Dark Reactions At the end of the dark reactions, a molecule known as G3P is made At the end of the dark reactions, a molecule known as G3P is made 2 G3P joined together forms a glucose molecule 2 G3P joined together forms a glucose molecule We say that in this phase carbon is ‘fixed’ We say that in this phase carbon is ‘fixed’ This means it is taken from a gas state (carbon dioxide) and converted into a solid state (glucose) which can be used by our bodies This means it is taken from a gas state (carbon dioxide) and converted into a solid state (glucose) which can be used by our bodies

34. Photosynthesis Summary In the light reactions, electrons from PS II are used in an etc to make ATP needed for the dark reactions. In the light reactions, electrons from PS II are used in an etc to make ATP needed for the dark reactions. Electron carriers called NADPH are filled at PS I to be used in the dark reactions Electron carriers called NADPH are filled at PS I to be used in the dark reactions In the dark reactions (Calvin cycle), ATP and NADPH are used to take CO 2 and make G3P In the dark reactions (Calvin cycle), ATP and NADPH are used to take CO 2 and make G3P 2 G3P = 1 glucose 2 G3P = 1 glucose Water and CO 2 are used and O 2 is released during the process of photosynthesis Water and CO 2 are used and O 2 is released during the process of photosynthesis

35. The Carbon Cycle Carbon is cycled throughout the environment in part through the processes of photosynthesis and cellular respiration Carbon is cycled throughout the environment in part through the processes of photosynthesis and cellular respiration Carbon is stored in organic material, rocks (limestone), and in the atmosphere Carbon is stored in organic material, rocks (limestone), and in the atmosphere

36. The Carbon Cycle