1. SCALAR VISUALIZATION

2. OUTLINE Visualizing scalar data A number of the most popular scalar visualization techniques Color mapping Contouring Height plots Color mapping Design of effective colormaps Contouring in 2D and 3D Height plots

3. VISUALIZATION PIPELINE 1. Data Importing 2. Data Filtering 3. Data Mapping 4. Date Rendering

4. SCALAR FUNCTION

5. COLOR MAPPING color look-up table Associate a specific color with every scalar value The geometry of Dv is the same as D

6. LUMINANCE COLORMAP Use grayscale to represent scalar value Luminance Colormap Most scientific data (through measurement, observation, or simulation) are intrinsically grayscale, not color Legend

7. RAINBOW COLORMAP Red: high value; Blue: low value A commonly used colormap Luminance MapRainbow Colormap

8. RAINBOW COLORMAP Construction f<dx: R=0, G=0, B=1 f=2: R=0, G=1, B=1 f=3: R=0, G=1, B=0 f=4: R=1, G=1, B=0 f>6-dx: R=1, G=0, B=0

9. RAINBOW COLORMAP Implementation void c(float f, float & R, float & G, float &B) { const float dx=0.8 f=(f 1)? 1 : f //clamp f in [0,1] g=(6-2*dx)*f+dx //scale f to [dx, 6-dx] R=max(0, (3-fabs(g-4)-fabs(g-5))/2); G=max(0,(4-fabs(g-2)-fabs(g-4))/2); B=max(0,(3-fabs(g-1)-fabs(g-2))/2); }

10. COLORMAP: DESIGNING ISSUES Choose right color map for correct perception Grayscale: good in most cases Rainbow: e.g., temperature map Rainbow + white: e.g., landscape Blue: sea, lowest Green: fields Brown: mountains White: mountain peaks, highest

11. RAINBOW COLORMAP http://atmoz.org/img/weatherchannel_national_temps.png

12. EXP: EARTH MAP http://www.oera.net/How2/PlanetTexs/EarthMap_2500x1250.jpg

13. EXP: SUN IN GREEN-WHITE COLORMAP

14. EXP: CORONAL LOOP http://media.skyandtelescope.com/images/SPD+on+CME+image+5+--+TRACE.gif

15. COLOR BANDING EFFECT Caused by a small number of colors in a look-up table

16. CONTOURING A contour line C is defined as all points p in a dataset D that have the same scalar value, or isovalue s(p)=x A contour line is also called an isoline In 3-D dataset, a contour is a 2-D surface, called isosurface

17. CONTOURING Cartograph

18. CONTOURING One contour at s=0.11 S > 0.11S < 0.11 Contouring and Color Banding

19. CONTOURING 7 contour lines Contouring and Colormapping: Show (1) the smooth variation and (2) the specific values

20. PROPERTIES OF CONTOURS Indicating specific values of interest In the height-plot, a contour line corresponds with the interaction of the graph with a horizontal plane of s value

21. PROPERTIES OF CONTOURS The tangent to a contour line is the direction of the function’s minimal (zero) variation The perpendicular to a contour line is the direction of the function’s maximum variation: the gradient Contour lines Gradient vector

22. CONSTRUCTING CONTOURS V=0.48 Finding line segments within cells

23. CONSTRUCTING CONTOURS For each cell, and then for each edge, test whether the isoline value v is between the attribute values of the two edge end points (v i, v j ) If yes, the isoline intersects the edge at a point q, which uses linear interpolation For each cell, at least two points, and at most as many points as cell edges Use line segments to connect these edge-intersection points within a cell A contour line is a polyline.

24. CONSTRUCTING CONTOURS V=0.37: 4 intersection points in a cell -> Contour ambiguity

25. IMPLEMENTATION: MARCHING SQUARES Determining the topological state of the current cell with respect to the isovalue v Inside state (1): vertex attribute value is less than isovalue Outside state (0): vertex attribute value is larger than isovalue A quad cell: (S 3 S 2 S 1 S 0 ), 2 4 =16 possible states (0001): first vertex inside, other vertices outside Use optimized code for the topological state to construct independent line segments for each cell Merge the coincident end points of line segments originating from neighboring grid cells that share an edge

26. Topological State of a Quad Cell Implementation: Marching Squares

27. Topological State of a hex Cell Implementation: Marching Cube Marching cube generates a set of polygons for each contoured cell: triangle, quad, pentagon, and hexagon

28. CONTOURS IN 3-D In 3-D scalar dataset, a contour at a value is an isosurface Isosurface for a value corresponding to the skin tissue of an MRI scan 128 3 voxels

29. CONTOURS IN 3-D Two nested isosurface: the outer isosurface is transparent

30. HEIGHT PLOTS The height plot operation is to “warp” the data domain surface along the surface normal, with a factor proportional to the scalar value

31. HEIGHT PLOTS Height plot over a planar 2-D surface

32. HEIGHT PLOTS Height plot over a nonplanar 2-D surface

33. VECTOR VISULIZATION Divergence and Vorticity Vector Glyphs Vector Color Coding Displacement Plots Stream Objects Texture-Based Vector Visualization Simplified Representation of Vector Fields

34. VECTOR FUNCTION

35. VECTOR VERSUS SCALAR

36. EXAMPLE IN 2-D

37. GRADIENT OF A SCALAR

39. DIVERGENCE OF A VECTOR

40. Divergence computes the flux that the vector field transports through the imaginary boundary Γ, as Γ  0 Divergence of a vector is a scalar A positive divergence point is called source, because it indicates that mass would spread from the point (in fluid flow) A negative divergence point is called sink, because it indicates that mass would get sucked into the point (in fluid flow) A zero divergence denotes that mass is transported without compression or expansion.

41. DIVERGENCE OF A VECTOR

43. VORTICITY OF A VECTOR

44. Vorticity computes the rotation flux around a point Vorticity of a vector is a vector The magnitude of vorticity expresses the speed of angular rotation The direction of vorticity indicates direction perpendicular to the plane of rotation Vorticity signals the presence of vortices in vector field

45. VORTICITY OF A VECTOR Color: Glyph:

46. VECTOR GLYPH Vector glyph mapping technique associates a vector glyph (or icon) with the sampling points of the vector dataset The magnitude and direction of the vector attribute is indicated by the various properties of the glyph: location, direction, orientation, size and color

47. VECTOR GLYPH Line glyph, or hedgehog glyph Sub-sampled by a factor of 8 (32 X 32) Original (256 X 256) Velocity Field of a 2D Magnetohydrodynamic Simulation

48. VECTOR GLYPH Velocity Field of a 2D Magnetohydrodynamic Simulation Line glyph, or hedgehog glyph Sub-sampled by a factor of 4 (64 X 64) Original (256 X 256)

49. VECTOR GLYPH Sub-sampled by a factor of 2 (128 X 128) Original (256 X 256) Problem with a dense Representation using glyph: (1) clutter (2) miss-representation

50. VECTOR GLYPH Random Sub-sampling Is better

51. VECTOR GLYPH: 3D Simulation box: 128 X 85 X 42; or 456,960 data point 100,000 glyphs Problem: visual occlusion

52. VECTOR GLYPH: 3D Simulation box: 128 X 85 X 42; or 456,960 data point 10,000 glyphs: less occlusion

53. VECTOR GLYPH: 3D Simulation box: 128 X 85 X 42; or 456,960 data point 100,000 glyphs, 0.15 transparency: less occlusion

54. VECTOR GLYPH: 3D Simulation box: 128 X 85 X 42; or 456,960 data point 3D velocity isosurface

55. VECTOR GLYPH Glyph method is simple to implement, and intuitive to interpretation High-resolution vector datasets must be sub-sampled in order to avoid overlapping of neighboring glyphs. Glyph method is a sparse visualization: does not represent all points Occlusion Subsampling artifacts: difficult to interpolate Alternative: color mapping method is a dense visualization

56. VECTOR COLOR CODING Similar to scalar color mapping, vector color coding is to associate a color with every point in the data domain Typically, use HSV system (color wheel) Hue is used to encode the direction of the vector, e.g., angle arrangement in the color wheel Value of the color vector is used to encode the magnitude of the vector Saturation is set to one

57. 2-D Velocity Field of the MHD simulation: Orientation, Magnitude Vector Color Coding

58. 2-D Velocity Field of the MHD simulation: Orientation only; no magnitude Vector Color Coding

59. VECTOR COLOR CODING Dense visualization Lacks of intuitive interpretation; take time to be trained to interpret the image

60. STREAM OBJECTS Vector glyph plots show the trajectories over a short time of trace particles released in the vector fields Stream objects show the trajectories for longer time intervals for a given vector field

61. STREAMLINES Streamline is a curved path over a given time interval of a trace particle passing through a given start location or seed point

62. Streamlines All lines are traced up to the same maximum time T Seed points (gray ball) are uniformly sampled Color is used to reinforce the vector magnitude

63. STREAMLINES: ISSUES Require numerical integration, which accumulates errors as the integration time increases Euler integration: fast but less accurate Runge-Kutta integration: slower but more accurate Need to find optimal value of time step Δt Choose number and location of seed points Trace to maximum time or maximum length Trace upstream or downstream Saved as a polyline on an unstructured grid

64. Stream tubes Tracing downstream: the seed points are on a regular grid Add a circular cross section along the streamline curves, making the lines thicker

65. Stream tubes Tracing upstream: the arrow heads are on a regular grid

66. Stream Objects in 3-D Input: 128 X 85 X 42 Undersampling: 10 X 10 X 10 Opacity 1 Maximum Length

67. Stream Objects in 3-D Input: 128 X 85 X 42 Undersampling: 3 X 3 X 3 Opacity 1 Maximum Length

68. Stream Objects in 3-D Input: 128 X 85 X 42 Undersampling: 3 X 3 X 3 Opacity 0.3 Maximum Time

69. Stream Objects in 3-D Stream tubes Seed area at the flow inlet

70. Stream Ribbons Two thick Ribbons Vorticity is color coded Vector Glyth

71. STREAM RIBBONS A stream ribbon is created by launching two stream lines from two seed points close to each other. The surface created by the lines of minimal length with endpoints on the two streamlines is called a stream ribbon

72. STREAM SURFACE Given a seed curve Γ, a stream surface S Γ is a surface that contains Γ and its streamlines Everywhere tangent to the vector field Flow can not cross the surface Stream tube is a particular case of a stream surface: the seed curve is a small closed curve Stream ribbon is also a particular case of a stream surface: the seed curve is a short line

73. TEXTURE-BASED VECTOR VIS. Discrete or sparse visualizations can not convey information about every point of a given dataset domain Similar to color plots, texture-based vector visualization is a dense representation The vector field (direction and magnitude) is encoded by texture parameters, such as luminance, color, graininess, and pattern structure

74. Vector magnitude: Color Vector direction: Graininess TEXTURE-BASED VECTOR VIS.

75. LIC principle: Line Integrated Convolution Principle TEXTURE-BASED VECTOR VIS.

76. LIC is a process of blurring or filtering the texture (noise) image along the streamlines Due to blurring, the pixels along a streamline are getting smoothed; the graininess of texture is gone However, between neighboring streamlines, the graininess of texture is preserved, showing contrast.