1. How to give them Rhetorical Punch!
Intros. & Conclusions
How to give them Rhetorical Punch!

2. Do Now= 3 minutes Swap paragraphs & Read the intro and conclusion
Circle any grammar issues that you see.
Circle any use of “I” or “you”

3. Rhetoric The art of persuasion Let’s try out some of these strategies–
open to the Notes section of your Writer’s Notebooks and label these new notes “Rhetoric”

4. Parallel Structure Definition: Repeated Grammatical Pattern Examples:
Mary likes hiking, swimming, and bicycling.
Mary likes to hike, to swim, and to bike.
Rand’s Objectivism conveys how to live, how to exist, and how to be.
Try this now with the last sentence of your conclusion. Select a structure to repeat 3 times. Work with a partner if you need help. Write the sentence in your notes section.

5. Antithesis
Definition: Parallel structure that uses opposites to create emphasis
Example:
“It was the best of times, it was the worst of times, it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness […]”
--Charles Dickens, A Tale of Two Cities
Try it out now using a part of your intro or conclusion.

6. Anaphora
Definition: Repeating a sequence of words at the beginnings of neighboring clauses
Example:
“In the time the savage bull sustains the yoke,
In the time all haggard hawks will stoop to lure,
In the time small wedges cleave the hardest oak,
In the time the flint is pierced with softest shower.”
--Thomas Kyd, The Spanish Tragedy
Try it out now with a part of your intro or conclusion. This can either be in one longer sentence or across a few sentences. Write your anaphora in your notes section.

7. Epistrophe
Definition: repeating the same words at the end of successive phrases or clauses
Examples:
“Where affections bear rule, their reason is subdued, honesty is subdued, good will is subdued, and all things else that withstand evil, for ever are subdued.”
--Thomas Wilson
“[…]this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom—and that government of the people, by the people, and for the people, shall not perish from earth.”
--Abraham Lincoln, Gettysburg Address
Try it out now with a part of your intro or conclusion.

8. Short Sentence
A short sentence can provide nice, dramatic impact if it is located among longer sentences
Example:
“She pluck’d, she eat.”
--John Milton, Paradise Lost
Try it out now– best to use either at the end of the intro or conclusion.

9. Dash
The dash can be a nice device to set apart an important word or phrase that provides much more separation and attention than simply using commas (be sure to hit the hyphen twice to create the dash)
Examples:
Her taste in music –from country to rap– exemplifies her eclectic personality.
The vegetarian gasped in horror when he saw lining the wall of the cabin a collection of animal heads—moose, deer, bears, squirrels, all dead.
Kira shows that nothing in life is worthwhile without that which makes us happy– ourselves.
Try it out now. Use a dash.

10. Conjunctive Adverbs
These are adverbs that can be used as transitions between ideas.
They must be followed by a comma!!
Accordingly, However,
Similarly, Incidentally,
Certainly, Moreoever,
Consequently, Nevertheless,
Furthermore, Nonetheless,
Finally, Otherwise,
Further,
Therefore,
Ultimately,
Hence,
Try it now– add a conjunctive adverb to a sentence in BOTH the intro. and conclusion.

11. Decision Time
Rhetoric must be tasteful– not too much and not too little.
Look over the rhetorical sentences you’ve created and decide on which ones you want to use.
Write them onto your draft now & add these in at home for homework.