2.  Expository texts are non-fiction texts designed to argue, inform, persuade or teach.  The writers of these texts seek to SHAPE meaning and reader understanding.

3.  Essays that contemplate any given subject.  Within this writing genre it can be subdivided into the Descriptive-reflective and the Abstract

4.  These essays, as their titles state, require both description and reflection.  Titles or topics with one word often fall into this category.  In this style of essay, the topic must be adequately described in order to draw conclusions. A description is given and then your views on the subject follow.

5.  Again, these essays can be based on one-word titles but they should refer to abstract ideas like truth, justice or love. These titles are often preceded by “On…” For example, “On Truth”. In this case, a certain amount of description is required but the description is secondary to the reasoning on the subject  The key to picking the best-suited writing genre is interpreting the subject. A subject like “walls” could be taken literally (descriptive) or metaphorically (abstract). It really all depends on where you tend to go with the paper › Wall as wall (descriptive) › Wall as discrimination (abstract)

6.  Argumentative essays are similar to abstract essays as they are concerned with ideas but unlike the abstract essay, which allows room for interpretation and free thought, the argumentative essay is on a particular subject. Reasoning and arranging arguments in a logical order is key here. General knowledge is also important as what you “know” is far more important than what you can imagine.  Goals: to present an opinion, to persuade, to solve a problem, to discuss  It is here that most formal literary essays reside, using either inductive (general to specific) or deductive (specific to general).

7.  Deductive Reasoning : uses a general principle and applies it to a specific case  An example is the syllogism formula: a form of reasoning having two statements (major and minor premises) and a conclusion that is logically drawn from them. (If the premises are true, then the conclusion is true)  Note: the truth of a valid conclusion depends entirely on the reliability of the premises  Example: › 1. Major Premise: A son should avenge his father’s murder. › 2. Minor Premise: Hamlet’s father was murdered. › 3. Conclusion: Therefore…

8.  More Syllogism (Deduction) Examples: › 1. Major Premise: All men are mortal › 2. Minor Premise: Socrates is a man › 3. Conclusion: Socrates is mortal › 1. Major Premise: Progress is good › 2. Minor Premise: The automobile represents progress › 3. Conclusion: The automobile is good

9.  Inductive Reasoning : analyzes particular instances then formulates a general truth (parts to a whole)  At best, inductive reasoning gives only probability  Example: › Hamlet tried to avenge his father’s murder. › Laertes tried to avenge his father’s murder. › Fortinbras tried to avenge his father’s murder. › Therefore…

10.  Induction Reasoning Example: › Doctors learned by inductively examining many patients that the combined evidence of a fever, sore throat, and a particular kind of rash probably indicate a case of measles

11.  1. Logic: deductive & inductive reasoning (see previous slides)  Uses Facts: › Based on research › Number, dates, statistics › Quotes in context › Full quotations › Includes all facts › Be specific/ use details

12.  2. Emotion: emotive language, vivid words, evocative words and figures of speech  ** Propaganda techniques should be avoided**: › Testimonial › Bandwagon appeal › Plain folks › Name calling › Glittering generalities › Fear tactics

13.  Genre: What form of writing (i.e. newspaper article, magazine feature article, biography, autobiography, journal, diary, political or social commentary etc)  Style: Includes language elements such as descriptive writing, figurative language (using figures of speech), word choice (diction), sentence structure, paragraphing, tone of address etc.  Point of view: From what point of view is the piece written? Is it first person; third person; both 1st and third?  Structure : How is the text constructed? Are there chapters, headings, sub- headings? What about page layout - that is where are items placed on the page and why? Are there graphs, charts, figures, graphics, drawings, photographs, maps etc?

14.  To shape reader understanding, and position readers to agree or disagree with his/her ideas, opinions, views, values, attitudes etc, writers of expository texts employ at least some of the following…

15.  Selection of detail  Sequencing of events, i.e. order in which info presented  Structure of information i.e. format and presentation  Use of persona

16.  Expanding boundaries of factual reporting ( exaggeration, embellishing, expanding)  Anecdotes, analogies, allusions, allegories, metaphors  Appeal (ethos, pathos, logos)  Descriptive language  Figurative language and imagery

17.  Word choice  Colloquialisms  Syllogisms  Connotative /Emotive language  **Tone (emotion/ feeling – sarcastic, angry)  **Register (formal, informal)

18.  Dialogue  Use of humour, satire  Interpretation of events, facts opinionative response, versions of reality  Use of facts, data, statistics

19.  Experts or authority figures  Foregrounding; use of repetition and rephrasing  Rhetorical argument and use of rhetorical devices; questions, rhetorical questions

20.  Writers of non-fiction texts may include narrative elements

21.  plot (story) with narrative structure  characterization  point of view  setting  theme  dialogue  First Person  Second Person  Third Person  Simile  Metaphor  Illusion (usually deceptive)  Hyperbole  Irony  Tone  Chronological Order (time)  Logical Order (common sense)  Climatic Order (the organization of ideas from one extreme to another - from least important to most important, from most destructive to least destructive, or from least promising to most promising)

22. › POINT › PROOF › DISCUSS  There will also be questions that encourage you to make connections to course content AND your own personal response  DO NOT FORGET THIS STRUCTURE:

23. FINAL EXAM: Monday, June 23, 2014 @ 9:00am Room: 209