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Chapter 7 A Tour of the Cell
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cells – basic units of structure/function microscopy – light microscope (LM) electron microscope (TEM, SEM) -resolving power -Leeuwenhoek (1600’s) -Robert Hooke (1665) -cell fractionation - centrifuge
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Figure 7.1 The size range of cells
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Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic cells
(largest distinction) Cytoplasm/cytosol Cell size limitations plasma membrane – thin, transparent, phospholipid bilayer, flexible, selectively permeable, porous
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Structures found in all cells
Cytosol Plasma membrane Ribosomes DNA (chromatin/chromosomes)
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Organization – Ultrastructure:. Nucleus. ~ 5mm diameter
Organization – Ultrastructure: Nucleus ~ 5mm diameter nuclear envelope: pore complex chromosomes/chromatin nucleolus: nucleolar organizers
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Figure 7.4 A prokaryotic cell
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Figure 7.5 Geometric relationships explain why most cells are microscopic
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Figure 7.6 The plasma membrane
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Figure 7.9 The nucleus and its envelope
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Ribosomes free bound Endomembrane system endoplasmic reticulum (ER) cisternae rough smooth
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Figure 7.11 Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
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Figure Ribosomes
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Golgi apparatus dictyosome Lysosome Microbodies peroxisomes – produce H2O2 glyoxysomes – initiate conversion of fat to sugar Vacuole Mitochondrion
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Figure 7.12 The Golgi apparatus
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Figure 7.16 Review: relationships among organelles of the endomembrane system
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Figure 7.14 The formation and functions of lysosomes (Layer 3)
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Figure Lysosomes
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Figure Peroxisomes
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Figure 7.15 The plant cell vacuole
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Figure 7.17 The mitochondrion, site of cellular respiration
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Plastids chloroplasts amyloplasts chromoplasts: xanthophyll – yellow carotene – orange phycoerythrin – red
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Figure 7.18 The chloroplast, site of photosynthesis
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Cytoskeleton microtubules microfilaments intermediate filaments Centrioles Cilia Flagella (eukaryotic 9+2) Pseudopodia
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Table 7.2 The structure and function of the cytoskeleton
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Figure 7.20 The cytoskeleton
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Figure 7.22 Centrosome containing a pair of centrioles
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Figure 7.23 A comparison of the beating of flagella and cilia
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Cell wall primary middle lamella secondary plasmodesma (plants) ECM (extracellular matrix)
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Figure 7.28 Plant cell walls
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Figure 7.29 Extracellular matrix (ECM) of an animal cell
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Intercellular junctions
Tight junctions – continuous belts fused to prevent leakage ex: intestinal epithelium 2) Desmosomes – anchoring junctions ex: epithelial sheets Gap junctions – communicating junctions ex: in heart muscle cells
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Figure 7.30 Intercellular junctions in animal tissues
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Figure 7.8 Overview of a plant cell
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Figure 7.7 Overview of an animal cell
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