1. Herd Health and Production Medicine Dr. Simon Kenyon Large Animal Medicine

2. How to make money in food animal practice Drive faster so you can get more call-out fees per day Have clients with more sick animals so you make more money on each farm call.

3. Base your business success on the success of your client’s business

4. Traditional medicine is focused upon diagnostic and therapeutics of the individual animal with the assumption that if all the sick animals are handled properly, a healthy herd will result.

5. Production medicine is focused upon the underlying herd management system with the assumption that if the production system that produced the problem is fixed, a healthy herd will result.

6. If a group of cows are examined, pregnancies recorded, abnormalities treated, heats predicted, and left at that point, the reproductive program is traditional medicine directed at correcting the problems of many individual animals.

7. If herd performance is summarized and charted, allowing management to make herd- based decisions, the reproductive program is production medicine.

8. Interested No good at it Interested Good at it Not interested No good at it Not interested Good at it Dr. Gordie Jones

9. Nomenclature (is a mess) Herd health Preventive Medicine Population Health Production Medicine Herd Health and Production Management

10. EVOLUTION OF PRODUCTION MEDICINE Area based disease control programs1870’s

11. Evolution of Production Medicine Area based disease programs1870’s Individual animal treatment1940’s Health programs for control1960’s of specific diseases

12. Specific Disease Control Mastitis – 5 point program Feedlot Respiratory Vaccines Infertility programs – Buy a TMR mixer – Improved feedbunk management – 4X milking Production pipeline Dry matter intake Repro

13. Fig. 3. Mean true individual animal prevalence over all Dutch dairy farms (infected and uninfected) in the first stage of the study as simulated by the JohneSSim model under strategy a-II with a standard and with an ‘ideal test’. Groenendaal et al Preventive Veterinary Medicine 60 (2003) 69-90

14. Evolution of Production Medicine Area based disease programs1870’s Individual animal treatment1940’s Health programs for control1960’s of specific diseases Integration of health maintenance1980’s with production management Integration of food safety, animalToday welfare and environmental management

15. +C +N + P +C +N no P Picture taken from University of Manitoba Experimental Lakes Area Research Project, 2001

16. Production Medicine Comparison of actual performance with agreed performance targets Importance of subclinical disease & production inefficiencies Importance of collection and analysis of production and health data Importance of integration of sources of advice (e.g. disease, nutrition, economics, housing

17. Individual Animal Medicine Improved Performance Epidemiology, Quantitative Methods Nutrition Data Analysis Housing Economics Breeding

18. Schrick F.N. et al. J Dairy Sci. 84, 1407-1412, 2001 Clinical Sub-clin Sub-clin Clin Non-infected

19. In conclusion, subclinical mastitis was equal to clinical mastitis in its detrimental effect on reproductive performance of lactating cows.

20. The Veterinarian And Production Medicine Has the necessary veterinary skills Understands the production system Understands and uses data management techniques Can participate in and manage the advisory team Aware of the economics of production and the effects of disease Is a positive promoter of animal welfare, food safety and environmental protection

21. Endotoxemia Decreased GI motility Toxic metritis Decreased appetite Alkalosis Hypocalcemia Displaced abomasum Ketosis Vasoactive Laminitis From Welker, Tri-State Dairy Mgmt Conf., 1999 Transition Cow Problems

22. Milk lbs, milking cows

25. Bulk Tank Cell Counts Cow #Linear ScoreSCC 12.550,000 22.550,000 32.550,000 42.550,000 52.550,000 62.550,000 78.03,000,000 3.8540,000

26. Average LS versus average SCC

29. Reproductive Performance Targets Days to 1 st service85 days Services/conception2.0 Days to conception (Days open)120 Calving Interval13.2 months Days dry60 days DRY Days OpenDFS CI

33. THE VETERINARIAN AND PRODUCTION MEDICINE Has the necessary veterinary skill Understands the production system Understands and uses data management techniques Can participate in and manage the advisory team Aware of the economics of production and the effects of disease Is a positive promoter of animal welfare, food safety and environmental protection

34. Can you make money doing this? Charge by the hour Focus on the health of the farm business Leverage your time with technician help Make money from healthy herds Avoid getting burnt out by having less emergencies and sick cow calls – (ditch the bad farms, make money out of the good ones.) Get involved in production management Program your day Invest in farm SOP Lead the farm team – Become the “go to person” Animal welfare makes money for the farmer

35. Beef Cattle Practice Cow-calf and small feedlot Large cow-calf operations Feedlot practice

36. Traditional beef cattle practice Seasonal Small cow-calf herds Small feedlot

37. Technology Utilization - Beef Cow calf Technology% herds using Herd records*83 ID*66 Castration*59 <5 month breeding season47 BSE bulls40 Precondition calves36 Palpate cows35 Balance rations22 Artificial insemination13 SPA (financial records) 4 1997 and 2008* NAHMS data

38. Cow-calf Aim: maximize number of calves sold 1. Maintain reproductive efficiency 2. Minimize calf morbidity and mortality 3.Keep cows cheaply over the winter 4. Market a calf that somebody wants to buy

39. General Information Sources for Beef Operations VerySomewhat Not Important Important Important Source of info Ext/Univ/Vo-Ag 20.743.535.8 Veterinarians53.131.715.2 Beef mag/Ag journal16.347.236.5 Producer/breed Assoc13.231.155.7 Other producers23.745.231.1 Salespersons11.731.556.8 Consultants 4.912.282.9 Radio, TV, News 5.826.367.9 NAHMS 2008

40. Beef Production Medicine according to Dr. Mark Hilton Beef cows are NOT small, unproductive dairy cows. Goal of beef herd is how to save $1 to increase net by $1. Goal of dairy herd is to spend $1 to produce $2 worth of milk so we can net $1. Beef cows are “scavengers”, dairy cows are “factories”. Very different mind set when working with beef vs. dairy.

41. Dairy basics Rule #1 Make more milk Rule #2 Reduce costs (as long as it does not interfere with rule #1)

42. Beef Herd Production Goals Calf crop 90%+ calving interval 365 days % calves born by 21,42,65 days 65:88:100 %in heat by 60 days postcalving 80% calf weaning weight 45-50% of cow weight dystocia <5% cows <15% heifers length of breeding season 65 days cows 42 days heifers % pregnancy rate 90-95% cows 90% heifers

43. Beef Herd Production Goals, con’t Average age at weaning150-180 days % crossbred cows100% Average cow age7-8 years Average culling rate5-10% Herd profit>$100/cow/year

44. Hilton’s Philosophy “Our task as the herd health veterinarian is to take a history, perform a physical exam of the herd and the business, analyze the research and then make the best recommendations based on these facts. The owner’s task is to take our information and make the ‘best’ decisions.”

45. Goal Of Production Medicine Have the producer see the veterinarian as veterinarian as an asset to the operation. See us as someone to ask about ANY aspect of their business. (We don’t have all the answers, but we know who to ask for answers to their questions.) Primarily dealing with cattle owners that see themselves as running a business.

46. Business attitude Where are we?  Records Where will we go?  Targets How do we compare?  Benchmarking How will we get there?  Analysis “How will you and I know when I’m doing the job you expect me to do?”

47. Preconditioning Carried out by cow-calf producer: males castrated vaccinated (MLV initial + booster) feed bunk acclimated weaned 45 days The Value Added Calf: – preconditioned – value marketed – quality assured (injection sites) – individual ID – source verified – age verified Heifers from single ranch, MLV vaccinated + boosters, 45 days weaned: Death loss 1.3% vs 4.4% $30 less medicine +$60 net return Cravey MD, 1996

48. Feedlot near Dodge City, SD

49. Stocker calves at pasture