1. Urbanization and the lure of the city City problems and machine politics By: Keunwha Song and Lauren Lee

2. The Lure of the City Between 1870 and 1900, the city filled with factories became a symbol of the new America. People from farms, small towns, and foreign countries were absorbed into older cities, and created new ones.

3. The Lure of the City Only one sixth of the American population lived in cities (8,000 people or more) By 1900, one third of American population lived in cities. By 1920, one half of the American population lived in cities. In 1900, six cities including New York, Chicago, and Philadelphia, had populations greater than a million.

4. Skyscrapers and Suburbs 1880s, the age of steel and glass produced the skyscraper. At first, cities were crowded jumble of small buildings. When buildings were made of heavy masonry, buildings could not be taller than dozen stories high. Steel frames and girders ended the limitation and allowed buildings to be built higher. Built in Chicago in 1885, the Home Insurance Building was the first metal frame structure.

5. Skyscrapers and Suburbs Group of talented Chicago architects including John Root and Louis H. Sullivan, started to develop simple and modern style of office buildings; sky scrapers. Form follows function” - Sullivan His idea was passed to Frank Lloyd Wright. Electric elevators first appeared in 1871 to carry passengers in the sky scrapers

6. Skyscrapers and Suburbs Streetcar systems extended the radius and changed the urban map. The mass transit systems fostered commuting and widely separated business and residential districts sprang up. As middle class moved out of the cities to live in suburbs, working class started to immigrate into the city. The streetcar city became more fragmented.

7. Tenements and the problems of overcrowding Tenement houses on small city brought people into the packed apartments. In 1890, nearly half of the residents in New York lived in tenements. That year, more than 1.4 million people lived on Manhattan Island, one of whose wards had a population density of 334,000 people per square mile. Many people lived in dark alleys or basement.

8. Tenements and the problems of overcrowding The cities in the 1870s and 1880s stank. Hundreds of tons of horse manures were produced in the cities everyday. Cities dumped their wastes into the nearest body of water. However people got their drinking water from the same water they threw the waste in. In 1900, fewer than one out of then city dwellers drank properly filtered water. Factories polluted the urban air. Smoke from 73 glass factories, 41 iron and steel mills, and 29 oil refineries.

9. Tenements and the problems of overcrowding Suicide rate and alcoholism rate increased as well. Crime was another growing problem. The nation’s homicide rate nearly tripled in the 1880s. Many gangs were formed in cities. Hayes Valley Gang in San Francisco. Baxter Street Dudes, the Daybreak Boys, and the Alley Gang in New York.

10. Strangers in a New Land Many immigrants in the cities came from Europe where unemployment, food shortages, and increasing threats of war. Italians came in large numbers to escape an cholera epidemic in southern Italy in 1887. Jews were seeking place for refuge to escape from anti- Semitic massacre that swept Russia and czarist Poland in 1880. Between 1877 and 1890, more than 6.3 million people entered the United States.In 1890, about 15 % of the population, 9 million people, were from foreign countries.Most were unskilled laborers. Most tended to crowd into northern and eastern cities, where their culture or religion lived.

11. Strangers in a New Land In 1900, four fifths of Chicago, two thirds of Boston, and one half of Philadelphia’s populations were foreign born. The new immigrants tended to be Catholics or Jews, not Protestants. They were sticking together and preserved their customs, languages, and religions. The immigration Restriction League demanded a literacy test for immigrants from southern and eastern Europe, but it was vetoed by President Cleveland.

12. Immigrants and the City Men were wage earners and women were house keepers. Industrial capitalism tested the immigrants and placed a burden on them since most of them came from peasant societies. Most immigrant families were nuclear in structure. Men were wage earners and women were house keepers. Most of them tried to retain their traditional culture for themselves and their children while at the same time adapting to life in their new country. They spoke their native language, practiced their religion, read their own newspapers, and created special parochial. Immigrant associations offered newcomers jobs and homes, it worked as an unemployment and health insurance. Every major city had dozens of foreign language news papers. The church and the school were the most important institutions in every immigrant community. Jews established synagogues and religious schools and taught Hebrew language. Irish and Poles established Roman Catholic church.

13. The House of Boss Tweed Sudden growth of cities confused city governments and increased opportunity for corruption and greed. There were boss who tied together a network of ward and precinct captains. Famous bosses New York “Honest” John Kelly, Richard Croker, Chales Murphy led Tammany Hall, the famous Democratic party organization that dominated city politics from 1850 to 1930 Chicago “Hinky Dink” Kenna “Bathhouse John” Coughlin Philadelphia James McManes San Francisco Christopher A. Buckley Most bosses became rich but they were not Robin Hoods who shared their wealth with poors.

14. The House of Boss Tweed William M.Tweed head of the famed Tweed Ring in New York, provided the model for them all. He was the top of the Tammany Hall. He served in turn as city alderman, member of Congress, and New York State assemblyman. Behind the scenes, he headed a ring that plundered New York for tens of millions of dollars. He built New York County Courthouse. It costed $2,870,464.06. In the end, it costed more than $13 million. Skillful political organization and the fact that immigrants and others made up bosses constituency. Bosses stayed in power because they paid attention to the needs of the least priviledged city voters. If an immigrant was looking for a job, boss like Tweed would find him one. Most bosses became rich but they were not Robin Hoods who shared their wealth with poors.

15. America and the Social and Cultural Changes

16. Statistics 1877 - 47 million people 1877 - 47 million people 1900 - 76 million people 1900 - 76 million people 90% white 90% white 1877 - majority lived on farms/small towns 1877 - majority lived on farms/small towns 1980 - 75% lived in small towns 1980 - 75% lived in small towns 1900 - 60% lived in small towns 1900 - 60% lived in small towns New York City

17. General Changes People began to move towards the cities and urban life People began to move towards the cities and urban life Families began to have less children Families began to have less children Life expectancy rate rose from 43 years to 47 years Life expectancy rate rose from 43 years to 47 years Blacks and other ethic groups still face the 33 years life expectancy rate Blacks and other ethic groups still face the 33 years life expectancy rate

18. Food Food was a lot cheaper Food was a lot cheaper heavy meals - thus a large increase in the number of fat people heavy meals - thus a large increase in the number of fat people Packaged food - the new fad Packaged food - the new fad Transportation of food products were advanced Transportation of food products were advanced imported/exported goods to/from other states were safer than before imported/exported goods to/from other states were safer than before an Ad from 1900

19. Medical Advances Medical research was very popular and striving Medical research was very popular and striving Luis Pasteur - discovery of germs Luis Pasteur - discovery of germs development of microbiology and vaccines development of microbiology and vaccines Gradually decreasing child mortality rate Gradually decreasing child mortality rate Study of Psychology - very popular Study of Psychology - very popular Surgeries were a lot safer and thus widespread Surgeries were a lot safer and thus widespread

20. Changes in Lifestyles Lifestyles were based on the Code of Victorian Lifestyles were based on the Code of Victorian based on the British queen based on the British queen set up the basic principles in attires, manners, and sexual behavior set up the basic principles in attires, manners, and sexual behavior Government tried to pass laws such as the Comstock Law to make sure people were “civilized” by the Code’s standards Government tried to pass laws such as the Comstock Law to make sure people were “civilized” by the Code’s standards

21. Virtues and Morals People took into heart this new codes and took action People took into heart this new codes and took action Mugwumps: people who worked to get rid of corruption in politics Mugwumps: people who worked to get rid of corruption in politics Women’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU): fought to outlaw alcoholic beverages using propaganda Women’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU): fought to outlaw alcoholic beverages using propaganda

22. Children The “Seen but not Heard” Rule The “Seen but not Heard” Rule Never spoke until spoken to Never spoke until spoken to Usually were around when there was a conversation between adults but never spoke Usually were around when there was a conversation between adults but never spoke Never chitchat with other people Never chitchat with other people Older boys and girls were never alone together Older boys and girls were never alone together

23. Children Took daily lessons in the living room Took daily lessons in the living room played games and sang around the piano played games and sang around the piano listened to the day’s verse from the bible listened to the day’s verse from the bible

24. Men Wore long black suits with a derby hat and white shirts that had paper collars Wore long black suits with a derby hat and white shirts that had paper collars Men’s attire

25. Women Wore tight corsets, long dark dresses, and black shoes that went up to the ankles Wore tight corsets, long dark dresses, and black shoes that went up to the ankles by the 1980s - wore suits or a dark skirt and a blouse by the 1980s - wore suits or a dark skirt and a blouse went for the killer 18- inch waists went for the killer 18- inch waists Women’s attire

26. Women Roles of women increased Roles of women increased They were in charge of taking care of the family They were in charge of taking care of the family They were now expected to be smart, look young, and be entertaining They were now expected to be smart, look young, and be entertaining totally different from the expectations from before the Civil War totally different from the expectations from before the Civil War Gave less births to children Gave less births to children

27. Sports Golf Golf Tennis Tennis Bicycling Bicycling

28. New Professional Sports Basketball Basketball Baseball Baseball Football Football The American League Team members

29. Religion Religious beliefs became very popular again Religious beliefs became very popular again mostly protestant mostly protestant very common to find a revival meeting anywhere on any day very common to find a revival meeting anywhere on any day Meetings on College Campuses for college students became very popular Meetings on College Campuses for college students became very popular

30. Leisure families gathered in the living room families gathered in the living room Children did everything listed before in the living room Children did everything listed before in the living room played cards, dominoes, backgammon, chess, and checkers played cards, dominoes, backgammon, chess, and checkers outdoor sports such as Croquet was also popular outdoor sports such as Croquet was also popular first outdoor sport for both genders to play first outdoor sport for both genders to play

31. Mornings People began to wake up earlier now People began to wake up earlier now With the new available time they had from waking up early they: With the new available time they had from waking up early they: broke the ice in front of their homes (men) broke the ice in front of their homes (men) go shopping (women) due to the lack of large refrigerator go shopping (women) due to the lack of large refrigerator

32. Music Music went through some changes Music went through some changes Sentimental music was still a large hit Sentimental music was still a large hit Ragtime was introduced Ragtime was introduced Classical music was also played Classical music was also played Songs about sports games were also made Songs about sports games were also made “Take Me Out to the Ballgame” “Take Me Out to the Ballgame”

33. Family Life Families no longer worked together Families no longer worked together Families had to stick to survive Families had to stick to survive Women and Children were not usually part of the working group Women and Children were not usually part of the working group Children usually went to school and stayed with their family until their late teens Children usually went to school and stayed with their family until their late teens

34. A New Working Class Women began to start working Women began to start working 1880 - 2.6 million working women 1880 - 2.6 million working women 1890 - 4 million working women 1890 - 4 million working women took jobs in factories, telephone exchange, or business offices took jobs in factories, telephone exchange, or business offices Were mostly singles Were mostly singles

35. Working Women Initially had a good response Initially had a good response laws changed so that women could own their own property laws changed so that women could own their own property led to an increase of divorce rates (1 out of 12 marriages ended in divorces) led to an increase of divorce rates (1 out of 12 marriages ended in divorces) Women began to take action in getting equal treatment Women began to take action in getting equal treatment women suffrage women suffrage equal pay equal pay

36. Education Educating children became more meaningful Educating children became more meaningful More students were now getting universal education (laws enforced attendance of students) More students were now getting universal education (laws enforced attendance of students) increase in the number of public high schools increase in the number of public high schools increase in school budgets increase in school budgets decrease in the illiteracy rate even though population grew decrease in the illiteracy rate even though population grew

37. Higher Education After Land Grant Act of 1862, 69 colleges were created After Land Grant Act of 1862, 69 colleges were created Industrial leaders gave millions of dollars to fund the colleges Industrial leaders gave millions of dollars to fund the colleges Leland Stanford, John D. Rockefeller, etc. Leland Stanford, John D. Rockefeller, etc. Curriculums broadened (no longer training men for the military only) Curriculums broadened (no longer training men for the military only)

38. Colleges and Ethic Groups African Americans and other minority groups were rejected usually from getting into colleges African Americans and other minority groups were rejected usually from getting into colleges Even after acceptance from the college, the minority was not accepted among the students and teachers Even after acceptance from the college, the minority was not accepted among the students and teachers Black students went to black schools Black students went to black schools black schools had terrible facilities and supplies black schools had terrible facilities and supplies “seperate but equal” “seperate but equal” really not equal really not equal

39. Literature Themes changed: Romanticism to Realism and Naturalism Themes changed: Romanticism to Realism and Naturalism talked about working and becoming successful through working in businesses talked about working and becoming successful through working in businesses Regionalist authors wrote about the South, Great Plains, and other rural areas Regionalist authors wrote about the South, Great Plains, and other rural areas Sometimes wrote about poverty and the possible outcomes of industrialization Sometimes wrote about poverty and the possible outcomes of industrialization

40. Photographs http://www.elderweb.com/sites/elderweb/files/albums/history/4a18585r.jpg http://www.elderweb.com/sites/elderweb/files/albums/history/4a18585r.jpg http://www.elderweb.com/sites/elderweb/files/albums/history/4a18585r.jpg http://www.southboroughhistory.org/History/Burnett%20Company/Food%20Ads/Food%20Ads%20Imag es/16Ad1900%20B.jpg http://www.southboroughhistory.org/History/Burnett%20Company/Food%20Ads/Food%20Ads%20Imag es/16Ad1900%20B.jpg http://www.southboroughhistory.org/History/Burnett%20Company/Food%20Ads/Food%20Ads%20Imag es/16Ad1900%20B.jpg http://www.southboroughhistory.org/History/Burnett%20Company/Food%20Ads/Food%20Ads%20Imag es/16Ad1900%20B.jpg http://www.columbia.edu/itc/barnard/theater/kirkland/3136/EdwardianGallery/images/48.1900.4.jpg http://www.columbia.edu/itc/barnard/theater/kirkland/3136/EdwardianGallery/images/48.1900.4.jpg http://www.columbia.edu/itc/barnard/theater/kirkland/3136/EdwardianGallery/images/48.1900.4.jpg http://www.oakfield.govoffice.com/vertical/Sites/%7BD5DF5B3D-AC3C-4AAE-AE6A- 6E0DFC85FD3C%7D/uploads/%7B1C753AF3-55DF-47C9-92CF-7EC5415DB006%7D.JPG http://www.oakfield.govoffice.com/vertical/Sites/%7BD5DF5B3D-AC3C-4AAE-AE6A- 6E0DFC85FD3C%7D/uploads/%7B1C753AF3-55DF-47C9-92CF-7EC5415DB006%7D.JPG http://www.oakfield.govoffice.com/vertical/Sites/%7BD5DF5B3D-AC3C-4AAE-AE6A- 6E0DFC85FD3C%7D/uploads/%7B1C753AF3-55DF-47C9-92CF-7EC5415DB006%7D.JPG http://www.oakfield.govoffice.com/vertical/Sites/%7BD5DF5B3D-AC3C-4AAE-AE6A- 6E0DFC85FD3C%7D/uploads/%7B1C753AF3-55DF-47C9-92CF-7EC5415DB006%7D.JPG http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/df/Olympic_Golf_1900.jpg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/df/Olympic_Golf_1900.jpg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/df/Olympic_Golf_1900.jpg http://www.findonvillage.com/p0409_douglas_tennis_0136.jpg http://www.findonvillage.com/p0409_douglas_tennis_0136.jpg http://www.findonvillage.com/p0409_douglas_tennis_0136.jpg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Cycling_Sprint_1900.jpg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Cycling_Sprint_1900.jpg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Cycling_Sprint_1900.jpg http://www.vintageball.com/AmerLeagPub_Detroit.jpg http://www.vintageball.com/AmerLeagPub_Detroit.jpg http://www.vintageball.com/AmerLeagPub_Detroit.jpg