2. Annual Nutrient Removal by the Primary Hay Crops in the South Adapted from Southern Forages, 2007 and Myer et al, 2010.

3. Spinner Spreader Air-flow Applicator

4. Spinner Spreader Source: Fulton et al., 2003; 2005

5. Air-flow Applicator Application Rate (lbs/acre) Desired Levels 400 lbs/A 100 lbs/A 200 lbs/A 300 lbs/A 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800

6. Spinner Spreader Source: Fulton et al., 2003 and unpublished data Air-flow Applicator

7. Low to High High to Low Source: Fulton et al., 2003

8. Fertilization Trick Account for N Loss from Urea-based Products

9. N Fertilizer Application Urea urease + H 2 0

10. Urea urease Ammonia + H 2 0 Ammonium +

11. Urea urease Ammonia + H 2 0 Ammonium + AN 34-0-0 Nitrate -

12. The Effectiveness of Some Alternative N Sources at Low, Medium, and High Fertilization Rates on Hybrid Bermudagrasses (Relative to Ammonium Nitrate). Nitrogen SourceFertilization Rates < 200 lbs*250-350 lbs> 400 lbs Ammonium Nitrate 100% Amm. Sulfate 95-97%95-105%60-70% Anhyd. Ammonia 92-94%93-95%94-95% UAN Solution 80-85%85-92%92-95% Urea 79-82%82-92%88-93% * Actual lbs of N per acre per year. Source: Burton and Jackson, 1962; Silveria et al., 2007.

13. Alternative N Sources Take-home message: If you have to use a urea-based product, be careful about cutting your rate back too much. -They are relatively less effective at low rates.

14. Fertilization Strategies New N Fertilizer Products

15. Introduction Without AN, users of N face risky alternatives.  NH 3 volatilization loss Urease is abundant in thatch & organic layers  High N use in hay. Enhanced Efficiency N Fertilizer Products may reduce volatilization loss  Urease inhibition  Encapsulate & release Ammonium Nitrate Urea NBPT maleic-itaconic co-polymer Polymer Coating

16. Ammonia Volatilization Trap Data 2008-2009 (avg. over two locations)

18. Bermudagrass Hay Yield 2008-2009 (Calhoun)

19. Results: Yield Data 2008-09: Forage Yield of ‘Russell’ Bermudagrass Equal Splits † 20082009 SourceEatontonCalhounEatontonCalhoun -------------------- (lbs of DM/acre) --------------------- ATU2 8908 ‡ 19291 1143117525 ESN2 643016033 816317019 NSN2 870416985 1022616464 Urea2 849017302 1073014955 Urea4 721118500 814215948 AN4 964118218 1210617604 Check- 268810009 217810409 LSD 0.05 1204 1552 10592460 † Equal split applications of N that occurred during the season. Total N applied = 300 lbs N/acre. ‡ Items that are in bold font are not significantly different from the highest value in the column.

20. Bermudagrass Hay Yield 2010 (Equal splits, 4 applications, 300 lbs N/ac total)

21. Summary of EE N products Agrotain Treated Urea as compared to urea applied in the same way (averaged over 4 site-yrs): Reduced ammonia volatilization by over 63%. Produced 11% more forage yield. Recovered 19% more of the applied N. Did not substantially affect crude protein content. Did not substantially affect the risk of nitrate toxicity.

22. Another Fertilization Trick Split Your Potassium Applications! 40-50% in the Spring 50-60% in mid – late season

23. Poor Stress Tolerance Leafspot Diseases The Stand is Gone! Not Competitive Grows Very Slow Poor Winterhardiness K is for Persistence

24. K is the Key to a Good Stand

25. Low Soil pH

26. Aluminum Toxicity – Low Soil pH Alfalfa control treated

27. Effect of Gypsum (CaSO 4 ) on Root Growth - Alfalfa Source: Dr. M.E. Sumner

28. Tissue Sampling and Troubleshooting

29. Tissue Sampling 6 in.

30. Troubleshooting

31. Which is the better hay?

33. Chlorophyll and Nutrient Mg N H C O

34. Foliar Fertilizer Applications Even if the product is 100% efficient (likely isn’t) The most a plant can take up across via the leaves is the equivalent of 1-2 lbs/acre of the nutrient  Works for many micro-nutrients (small quantities needed)  Not feasible for macro-nutrients without multiple applications. (large quantities needed) Even if the product is 100% efficient (likely isn’t) The most a plant can take up across via the leaves is the equivalent of 1-2 lbs/acre of the nutrient  Works for many micro-nutrients (small quantities needed)  Not feasible for macro-nutrients without multiple applications. (large quantities needed)

35. www.georgiaforages.com