1. Introduction to Pervasive Computing
By H. Momeni
Computer Engineering Department
Iran University of Science and Technology
December 2006

2. Introduction to Pervasive Computing
Agenda
History and Evolution
Vision
Pervasive Computing Features
System View and Support
Framework
Applications
Challenges
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3. Introduction to Pervasive Computing
History and Evolution
Remote communication
Fault tolerance
High Availability
Remote information access
Distributed security
Distributed Systems
(mid-1970s)
Mobile networking
Mobile information access
Adaptive applications
Energy-aware systems
Location sensitivity
Mobile Computing
(early 1990s)
Smart spaces
Invisibility
Localized scalability
Uneven conditioning
Pervasive Computing
(2000)
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4. Introduction to Pervasive Computing
Comparison
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5. Pervasive Technologies
Introduction to Pervasive Computing
Pervasive Technologies
Ubiquitous Computing (Mark Weiser, Xerox PARC 1990)
Calm Computing (John Brown, Xerox PARC 1996)
Tangible Computing (Ishii, 1997)
Universal Computing (James Landay, Berkeley 1998)
Invisible Computing (G. Barriello, UoWashington 1999)
Context Based Computing (Berkeley/IBM 1999)
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6. Pervasive Technologies cont’d
Introduction to Pervasive Computing
Pervasive Technologies cont’d
Hidden Computing (Toshiba 1999)
Pervasive Computing (Academia, IBM 1999, SAP 2000)
Everyday Computing (Georgia Tech, 2000)
Sentient Computing (AT&T, 2002)
Autonomous Computing (IBM, 2002)
Amorphous Computing (DARPA, 2002)
Spray Computing (Zambonelli, 2003)
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7. Introduction to Pervasive Computing
Vision
“The most profound technologies are those that disappear. They weave themselves into the fabric of everyday life until they are indistinguishable from it”. [1991]
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8. Introduction to Pervasive Computing
Computer Evolution
Weiser’s idea was a vision too far ahead of its time
The hardware technology did not exit
After a decade hardware progress, PerCom are viable
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9. The State of the Art in Pervasive Computing
Introduction to Pervasive Computing
The State of the Art in Pervasive Computing
The term “Pervasive Computing” emerged from research at IBM during 1996 – 97
vision: computing services available anytime, anywhere and on demand
Mark Weiser at Xerox PARC was leading research labeled as “Ubiquitous Computing in 1991
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December 2006

10. The State of the Art… cont’d
Introduction to Pervasive Computing
The State of the Art… cont’d
UbiComp’s initial focus was not on making infrastructure available everywhere
UbiComp’ initial focus was on user centric
PerCom’s initiative to exploit the existing wide scale deployment of computing technology
UbiComp’s initiatives were to effectively make this complex mass of technology transparent to the human user’s
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11. Research Areas in Pervasive Computing
Introduction to Pervasive Computing
Research Areas in Pervasive Computing
mobile computing
wireless networking
embedded computing
human computer interaction (HCI)
Context awareness with sensor technology
other terms tend to be an overlap of these five themes
Wearable Computing=Mobile Computing+Embedded Computing+HCI
Nomadic Computing=Mobile Computing+wireless networking
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13. A Pervasive Computing Model
Introduction to Pervasive Computing
A Pervasive Computing Model
five-layered model (from the perspective of the human)
physical layer
Perceptive layer
Composed of sensor (input for physical layer) and actuator (output for physical layer)
Analog/Digital conversion layer
Converting between analog and digital signals
Computational layer
Communicational Layer
Primary functions
coordination of environments(Os, protocol)
Secondary functions
actual applications within environment
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14. Introduction to Pervasive Computing
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15. Pervasive computing Features
Introduction to Pervasive Computing
Pervasive computing Features
A Device : portal into an application-data space
Computing environment : an information-enhanced physical space
Connected devices provide services without user’s interventions by using sensed data in physical space.
Providing services for users anytime, anywhere by any devices
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16. System view of pervasive computing
Introduction to Pervasive Computing
System view of pervasive computing
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17. Pervasiveness Support
Introduction to Pervasive Computing
Pervasiveness Support
Effective Use of smart spaces
Invisibility
Localized scalability
Masking uneven conditioning
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18. Effective use of Smart Spaces
Introduction to Pervasive Computing
Effective use of Smart Spaces
Embedding computing infrastructure in building infra.
Smart spaces brings together two world that have been disjoint until now
The fusion of these worlds enables sensing and control one of world by the other
Smart coffee cup
Automatic meeting transcription
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19. Introduction to Pervasive Computing
Invisibility
Weiser’s ideal: complete disappearance of technology
minimal user distraction
system meets user expectations continuously
proactivity may sometimes be valuable
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20. Localized Scalability
Introduction to Pervasive Computing
Localized Scalability
With increase of complexity of smart spaces, number of interactions between user’s computer and environment will be increased.
This has severe bandwidth, energy for a wireless mobile user
Scalability is a critical problem in PerCom
Traditional scalability has ignored physical distance (web server)
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21. Masking Uneven Conditioning
Introduction to Pervasive Computing
Masking Uneven Conditioning
There will persist huge differences in the smartness of different environments
This large dynamic range of smartness can reduce invisibility of PerCom to users
Solving problem
Reduce the variability (to compensate space, dumb environment)
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22. Pervasive Computing Framework
Introduction to Pervasive Computing
Pervasive Computing Framework
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23. Introduction to Pervasive Computing
Pervasive Devices
Traditional input/output devices
Keyboard, speaker, light-emitting diode
Wireless mobile devices
Pager, PDA, cell phone, palmtop, Laptop
Smart devices
Intelligent appliance, floor tiles with embedded sensor, biosensors
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24. Introduction to Pervasive Computing
Pervasive Networking
IEEE
Bluetooth
Internet
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25. Introduction to Pervasive Computing
Pervasive middleware
Interface between the network kernel and the end-user applications running on pervasive devices
keep users immersed in the pervasive computing space
Consist mostly firmware and software bundles executing in client-server or Peer to peer
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26. User interface and application
Introduction to Pervasive Computing
User interface and application
User interface
Web browser
Micro browser
Pervasive applications
more environment-centric than either web-based or mobile computing applications
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27. Introduction to Pervasive Computing
Applications
Introduction to Pervasive Computing
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28. Daily Life Application
Introduction to Pervasive Computing
Daily Life Application
Smart Home
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29. Public Service Application
Introduction to Pervasive Computing
Public Service Application
Healthcare: Embedded Sensor networking for patient monitoring
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30. Transportation Application
Introduction to Pervasive Computing
Transportation Application
Smart Cars
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31. Environment Applications
Introduction to Pervasive Computing
Environment Applications
Environmental Monitoring
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32. National Defense Applications
Introduction to Pervasive Computing
National Defense Applications
Surveillance Platform
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33. Industrial Business Applications
Introduction to Pervasive Computing
Industrial Business Applications
Supply Chain Management
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34. Introduction to Pervasive Computing
Challenges
User intent
Cyber Foraging
Adaptability
High Level Energy Management
Context awareness
Trust
Privacy
Security
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35. Introduction to Pervasive Computing
User Intent
PerCom system must track user intent for Proactivity
Challenges:
Can user intent be inferred?
How is it handled in dynamic interactions?
When and how is it updated?
Will it hurt usability and performance unacceptably?
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36. Introduction to Pervasive Computing
Cyber Foraging
The need to make mobile devices smaller, lighter and longer battery life, reduce computing capabilities
Solution:
Exploiting wired hardware infrastructure in a neighborhood that it play surrogate role
The mobile computer ships the computation to the surrogate
Challenges:
Discover the presence of surrogate
Load balancing
Minimal delay
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37. Introduction to Pervasive Computing
Adaptability
Significant mismatch between the supply and demand of a resource
New user’s requirements
Change Requirements
Challenge
Reduce human intervention
Configuration
Run time Reconfiguration
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38. High Level Energy Management
Introduction to Pervasive Computing
High Level Energy Management
Proactivity and self-tuning increase the energy demand of software on mobile devices
The attempts to make such devices lighter and smaller, reduce the battery capacity
The higher level of must be involved to save energy.
Energy aware memory management
Energy aware adaptation
Challenges
Impact of invisibility
Exploit of knowledge of user intent
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39. Introduction to Pervasive Computing
Context Awareness
“Context is any evidence that can be used to support arguments for the conditions of the situation of any subject or target, which influences their interactive behavior”
PerCom to be minimally intrusive, has to be context aware.
User, system and environment context
Challenges:
How does system obtain these information?
Where is context stored?
How frequently does context have to be consulted?
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40. Introduction to Pervasive Computing
Trust
Enable systems to exchange information even without the intervention of administrators to authorize these interactions
How to grant users access to resources and information based on their trustworthiness rather than the application of conventional techniques that map authorizations to access rights.
Challenges:
Unsavory uses (targeted spam, blackmail)
password-based protocols or biometric authentication?
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41. Introduction to Pervasive Computing
Privacy
Huge amounts of information will be shared and exchanged in pervasive computing environments
With context-based services this question arise:
Do you want this information shared?
How can you trust the technology?
What does the environment itself do?
How can you secure the access to private information?
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42. Introduction to Pervasive Computing
Security
Security mechanisms for pervasive environments must be
scalable to the small resource
able to deal with devices and environments of unknown origin
adaptive to the dynamics of mobile computing
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43. Context, Trust, Privacy and Security
Introduction to Pervasive Computing
Context, Trust, Privacy and Security
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