1. Chapter 3 Multimedia Authoring
Intermediate 2 Multimedia Technology
Chapter 3 Multimedia Authoring
TOPIC LIST:
1.) Development Process for Multimedia Applications
2.) Bit-mapped Graphic Data
3.) Digitised Sound Data
4.) Video Data
5.) Vector Graphics Data
6.) Synthesised Sound Data
7.) Implications of the use of Multimedia Technology
8.) Animation
Forfar Academy

2. What is Multimedia?
An interactive piece of software using several types of media:
Text
Graphics (photographs or illustrations)
Audio (synthesised or digitised)
Video
Animation
Multimedia Applications can be:
Linear or non-linear
Simple or extremely complex
For example:
PowerPoint presentation
Sophisticated and basic web pages
Multimedia games

3. The Development Process/Cycle
Analysis
Design
Design may change if application does not work as expected
Implementation
Testing
Documentation
Evaluation
Maintenance

4. DEVELOPMENT PROCESS for MULTIMEDIA APPLICATIONS
Analysis Stage
This stage is make it absolutely clear what the project is supposed to do.
The aims of the application
Who will be using it?
What will be in it?
How will it be distributed?
How much money can be spent?
How long have you got?
Input/output?
At the end of the stage a requirements specification will be produced.

5. DEVELOPMENT PROCESS for MULTIMEDIA APPLICATIONS
Design Stage
Navigation structure?
The HCI (Human Computer Interface)
What does each screen look like?
What media elements will be included?
Storyboards may be produced for this.

6. DEVELOPMENT PROCESS for MULTIMEDIA APPLICATIONS
Implementation Stage
Make it:
Create and combine all the media elements using the pre-decided authoring software.
Testing Stage
Does each screen and link work as expected?
If not can it be fixed or does it have to have the design altered.

7. DEVELOPMENT PROCESS for MULTIMEDIA APPLICATIONS
Documentation Stage
Write the documentation:
The technical guide
What are the hardware requirements
The user guide
Advice on how to use the software and provide users with any other help.

8. DEVELOPMENT PROCESS for MULTIMEDIA APPLICATIONS
Evaluation Stage
Does it meet the specifications made at the analysis stage?
Maintenance Stage
Fixing any bugs that have been found after its released.
Adapting and updating the application to suit clients needs.

9. Section 1: The Development Process
DEVELOPMENT PROCESS for MULTIMEDIA APPLICATIONS
Multimedia Authoring
Section 1: The Development Process

10. The Development Process mnemonic
DEVELOPMENT PROCESS for MULTIMEDIA APPLICATIONS
The Development Process mnemonic
Maintenance
Analysis
Design
Implementation
Testing
Documentation
Evaluation A
Dance In
The
Dark
Every
Monday

11. Methodologies used in creation of multimedia applications
DEVELOPMENT PROCESS for MULTIMEDIA APPLICATIONS
Methodologies used in creation of multimedia applications
Text editor:
Application is created using plain text
e.g. Creating simple web pages using HTML.
WYSIWIG editors:
Previewing applications under development to check that What You See Is What You Get.
E.g. PowerPoint to create a presentation

12. DEVELOPMENT PROCESS for MULTIMEDIA APPLICATIONS
WYSIWYG

13. DEVELOPMENT PROCESS for MULTIMEDIA APPLICATIONS
Text Editor

14. WYSIWYG Vs Text Editors
DEVELOPMENT PROCESS for MULTIMEDIA APPLICATIONS
WYSIWYG Vs Text Editors
Advantages
Disadvantages
Text Editor
Simple and places less demands on system.
Provides greater control over the application
Difficult to Visualise output
Dependant on programming or text-based commands knowledge
WYSIWYG
Easy creation and editing of application
Ideal for beginners
Complex software that puts higher demands on system.
Software tends to be expensive

15. Methodologies used in creation of multimedia applications
DEVELOPMENT PROCESS for MULTIMEDIA APPLICATIONS
Methodologies used in creation of multimedia applications
Authoring Software
Application can be customised using:
Program code or scripting
Icon based setting up of properties (without the need to learn programming code)
Presentation Software
Enables the creation of a sequence of slides
Allows hyper linking to different slides or files

16. DEVELOPMENT PROCESS for MULTIMEDIA APPLICATIONS
File Players
If a Multimedia Authoring package has been used to create an application the a file player is used to view it.
These players can often be downloaded for free from the internet.
One of the more popular file players & authoring packages is Macromedia Flash

17. DEVELOPMENT PROCESS for MULTIMEDIA APPLICATIONS
Executable Files
Some authoring packages can also save multimedia applications as Executable Files
These are files which will then run as an application themselves
There is no need for a separate player/browser to be used to view these applications

18. DEVELOPMENT PROCESS for MULTIMEDIA APPLICATIONS
Browsers
Once a multimedia application has been developed a browser can be used to view it.
A browser is the program that you use to navigate the WWW and display web pages to you
Once a web page is created the authoring package will save an HTML file that is then viewed in the browser

19. Methodologies used in creation of multimedia applications
DEVELOPMENT PROCESS for MULTIMEDIA APPLICATIONS
Methodologies used in creation of multimedia applications
Who makes authoring software?
Macromedia
Flash, Dreamweaver and Director
Microsoft
FrontPage
Adobe
GoLive
Others
Mediator, HyperStudio, etc

20. Methodologies used in creation of multimedia applications
DEVELOPMENT PROCESS for MULTIMEDIA APPLICATIONS
Methodologies used in creation of multimedia applications
Who makes presentation software?
Microsoft
PowerPoint (Most common)
Others
LiquidMedia
Cre8
Many others exist but not common

21. Creating Multimedia Applications
DEVELOPMENT PROCESS for MULTIMEDIA APPLICATIONS
Creating Multimedia Applications
Intermediate 2
Multimedia Technology

22. Multimedia Applications
DEVELOPMENT PROCESS for MULTIMEDIA APPLICATIONS
Multimedia Applications
These are any applications which include more than one type of media
i.e. text, sound, graphics & video
These could include:
Web Pages
Presentations

23. DEVELOPMENT PROCESS for MULTIMEDIA APPLICATIONS
How are they made?
There are a number of ways to create these applications:
Using a text editor to create web pages through HTML
Using a WYSIWYG web-page authoring package
Using multimedia authoring software to create complex multimedia applications
Using Presentation software to create presentations

24. DEVELOPMENT PROCESS for MULTIMEDIA APPLICATIONS
WYSIWIG Editors
WYSIWYG stands for ‘What You See Is What You Get’
This allows you to create your page whilst showing you exactly how the final page will appear on screen
You do not need to know any HTML to create web pages using a WYSIWYG editor

25. Multimedia Authoring Packages
DEVELOPMENT PROCESS for MULTIMEDIA APPLICATIONS
Multimedia Authoring Packages
There are now a wide range of authoring packages available to help create multimedia applications
They all use a Graphical User Interface (GUI)
The GUI allows the developer to easily position objects such as graphics, buttons, etc and add events to them.

26. Presentation Software
DEVELOPMENT PROCESS for MULTIMEDIA APPLICATIONS
Presentation Software
Software such as PowerPoint can be used to create Multimedia applications
This software has
Templates to help structure slides
Can automatically link your slides together
Allows you to easily add sound, graphics, animations and videos.

27. DEVELOPMENT PROCESS for MULTIMEDIA APPLICATIONS
Browsers
Once a multimedia application has been developed a browser can be used to view it.
A browser is the program that you use to navigate the WWW and display web pages to you
Once a web page is created the authoring package will save an HTML file that is then viewed in the browser

28. DEVELOPMENT PROCESS for MULTIMEDIA APPLICATIONS
File Players
If a Multimedia Authoring package has been used to create an application the a file player is used to view it.
These players can often be downloaded for free from the internet.
One of the more popular file players & authoring packages is Macromedia Flash

29. DEVELOPMENT PROCESS for MULTIMEDIA APPLICATIONS
Executable Files
Some authoring packages can also save multimedia applications as Executable Files
These are files which will then run as an application themselves
There is no need for a separate player/browser to be used to view these applications

30. DEVELOPMENT PROCESS for MULTIMEDIA APPLICATIONS
Glossary Task
Add the following words to your glossary with appropriate definitions:
WYSIWYG
Browser
Multimedia Authoring Package
GUI
File Player

31. DEVELOPMENT PROCESS for MULTIMEDIA APPLICATIONS
Written Exercise
Write down a list of the authoring software, presentation software, browsers and file players you have used in the past and a description of what each is.
Have this checked by your teacher.

32. Authoring Vs Presentation
DEVELOPMENT PROCESS for MULTIMEDIA APPLICATIONS
Authoring Vs Presentation
Advantages
Disadvantages
Authoring
Advanced features give developer more control over final application
Difficult to learn, special training generally required
Can be difficult to debug complex application
Presentation
Simple commands
Easy to learn
Limited features

33. Bit-Mapped Graphic Data: Storage of Graphic Data
Intermediate 2 Multimedia Technology
Bit-Mapped Graphic Data: Storage of Graphic Data
Multimedia - Section 2
Forfar Academy

34. BIT-MAPPED GRAPHIC DATA
Capturing Still Data
Digital Camera
Re-useable storage
Removable storage (Memory Cards)
Use electronic circuits called Charge Coupled Devices (CCD’s).

35. Charge Coupled Devices (CCD’s)
BIT-MAPPED GRAPHIC DATA
Charge Coupled Devices (CCD’s)
uses sensors to capture the image projected by the lens.
When a digital camera takes a photograph, the lens opens and lets light into the camera.
The CCD turns the light coming from the lens into analogue signals
Passed on to a processor which samples them and converts them into digital data.

36. BIT-MAPPED GRAPHIC DATA
Capturing Still Data
Scanners also use CCD’s
Scanners have CCDs in a moveable scan head which passes over the document.
The CCDs convert the light being reflected off the document into an analogue signal.
converted to binary form and stored in the computer system attached to the scanner.
Unlike cameras, scanners do not have storage devices, so they can only be used when connected to a computer.

37. Activities: p.3 - Multimedia Photo Editing LTS notes

38. Intermediate 2 Multimedia Technology
BIT-MAPPED GRAPHIC DATA
File Formats
Bitmap (BMP)
Graphic Interchange Format (GIFF)
Joint Pictures Expert Group (JPEG)
Portable Network Graphics (PNG)
Forfar Academy

39. Intermediate 2 Multimedia Technology
BIT-MAPPED GRAPHIC DATA
Bitmap File Format
Uncompressed:
A file which holds a binary number for each pixel in an image
Limitation:
large file size
Extension:
.bmp
Forfar Academy

40. Intermediate 2 Multimedia Technology
BIT-MAPPED GRAPHIC DATA
Bitmap File Format
Colour Depth
The number of colours that can be represented
Calculation:
Number of colours = 2 bit depth
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41. Intermediate 2 Multimedia Technology
BIT-MAPPED GRAPHIC DATA
Example
Colour (bit) Depth = 8
Number of colours = 28
= 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 x 2
= 256
Forfar Academy

42. Intermediate 2 Multimedia Technology
BIT-MAPPED GRAPHIC DATA
GIF File Format
Lossless compression
A code is used to store repeated patterns in the image
Limited number of colours: limited to 28
256 colours
Features:
Animation
Transparency
Extension: .gif
Forfar Academy

43. Intermediate 2 Multimedia Technology
BIT-MAPPED GRAPHIC DATA
GIF File Format
Good For:
Flat areas of colour
Few colours
Animated images
Transparency
Bad For:
Photographic images
High colour graphics
High quality videos
Forfar Academy

44. Intermediate 2 Multimedia Technology
BIT-MAPPED GRAPHIC DATA
JPEG File Format
Lossy compression
File size is reduced by removing sections of the graphic that will no be noticed by the human eye
Greyscale or full-colour image compression
Exploits human eye limitations
Related to MPEG
Extension: .jpg
Forfar Academy

45. BIT-MAPPED GRAPHIC DATA
JPEG File Format
Advantages:
Greater compression than lossless
Good for photographic images (real-world)
Compression ratio can be controlled by user
Best for large files
Disadvantages
Doesn’t support transparency

46. Intermediate 2 Multimedia Technology
BIT-MAPPED GRAPHIC DATA
PNG File Format
Has all advantages of GIF without the restrictions
Allows 24 bit colour
Allows for partial transparency
Lossless compression
Variation of JPG compression
Extension: .png
Forfar Academy

47. BIT-MAPPED GRAPHIC DATA
Resolution
The amount of detail in an image.
Measured in Dots Per Inch (dpi)

48. Bit Mapped Graphics: Creation
BIT-MAPPED GRAPHIC DATA
Bit Mapped Graphics: Creation
Paint
Image Editing Programs
Decrease resolution
Alter Colour Depth
Crop
Alter Brightness & Contrast
Re-size or Scale
Special Effects

49. BIT-MAPPED GRAPHIC DATA
Graphics Card
A device which controls the quality of output on a monitor.
There are a wide range available designed to assist the computer in achieving overall high performance.

50. Multimedia Autoring: Digitised Sound Data
Section 3

51. Sound in Multimedia Types: Voice Over Special Effects
DIGITISED SOUND DATA
Sound in Multimedia
Sound can make multimedia presentations dynamic and interesting.
They can also be used to assist user.
Types:
Voice Over
Special Effects
Musical Backdrops

52. Intermediate 2 Multimedia Technology
DIGITISED SOUND DATA
Sound Capture
Microphone:
Analogue
Can be used for voice-overs
CD/DVD:
Digital
Capturing music files
Copyright laws may apply
If it comes from the real world how do we convert into digital? ADC
Forfar Academy

53. DIGITISED SOUND DATA
Sampling Frequency
Once an analogue signal is received it is chopped up and a sample is taken
The sampling frequency is the number of samples taken per second.
Samples of Sound Wave
Sound Wave

54. DIGITISED SOUND DATA
Sampling Frequency
Measurements (or samples) will be taken many times each second
The sampling rate for audio CD is 44.1kHZ means thousand samples per second.

55. DIGITISED SOUND DATA
Sampling Depth
This describes the number of bits which are taken in each sample
This will determine the dynamic range of the recording
An audio CD will have a sampling depth of 16bits (65536 levels)

56. Multimedia Authoring: Digitised Sound Data
Storage of Sound Data

57. Intermediate 2 Multimedia Technology
DIGITISED SOUND DATA
RAW
Uncompressed audio data
Sampled digital data which has not been processed further
Quant – turning it into numbers
Forfar Academy

58. WAV File Wave files are files containing digitised sound data
Often used in places such as digital telephone systems and minidisc players.
File size is smaller than RAW but there is no loss of quality

59. MP3 MPEG Audio Layer-3 (MP3) Uses lossy compression
DIGITISED SOUND DATA
MPEG Audio Layer-3 (MP3)
Uses lossy compression
Based on what humans hear best
Perceptual Audio Compression
Reduces RAW formats to around 10% of original size
3min of CD quality song = 30Mb
3min of MP3 = 3Mb
Quality is adjustable

60. File Size Vs Quality Sampling depth: Sampling frequency: Sound time:
DIGITISED SOUND DATA
File Size Vs Quality
Sampling depth:
increased sound depth
Greater range of values
Better sound quality and greater file size.
Sampling frequency:
The higher the sampling frequency, the better the sound quality, the greater the file size.
Sound time:
Longer track lasts the larger the file size
Affects file size but not quality.

61. Comparing Bitmap image files and digitised sound files
DIGITISED SOUND DATA
Comparing Bitmap image files and digitised sound files
Each sample records data for a pixel
Bitmap graphical data: Resolution
Sound data: Frequency
Bitmap: Number of bits for each sample/number of colours used
Colour depth
Sound: Number of bits determines number of signal levels that can be recorded
Sampling Depth

62. Sound Card Carry out the following jobs: Recording Audio
DIGITISED SOUND DATA
Sound Card
Carry out the following jobs:
Recording Audio
Playback or digitised audio
Playback of Audio CD’s
Sound Synthesis
Interfacing with MIDI instruments, Digital Input and Output for transferring files.

63. DIGITISED SOUND DATA
Sound Editing
Crop
Effects
Echo
Reverse
Volume

64. Section 4: Multimedia Technology
Video Data
Section 4: Multimedia Technology

65. VIDEO DATA
What is Video?
A video is just a collection of bit-mapped images that when played quickly one after another give the illusion of a moving image
It is a sequence of individual pictures or frames
The standard rate at which these frames are taken is 25 frames per second (this gives realistic movement)

66. Input (Capture): Digital Video Camera (Camcorders)
VIDEO DATA
Work in the same way as digital cameras
They use the same light sensors, called CCDs
They have a lower resolution than cameras
They are designed to capture lots of images (frames) fast

67. Input (Capture): Webcam
VIDEO DATA
Input (Capture): Webcam
Designed for the purpose of creating videos to be transmitted over the Internet
They do not need to be high resolution, keeping down the bit rates and price.
They use low resolution array CCDs and low quality lenses, keeping costs down

68. Input (Capture): Video Capture Card
VIDEO DATA
Input (Capture): Video Capture Card
A video capture card is needed to capture videos from analogue sources
video tape players, television broadcasts and analogue video recorders
Some modern graphics cards include the ability to capture video

69. Video Data: Storage of Video data
Section 4: Multimedia Technology:

70. AVI (Audio Video Interleave)
VIDEO DATA
AVI (Audio Video Interleave)
Uncompressed
AVI ratio set during saving
The audio is embedded into the video at different intervals.

71. MPEG Lossy compression cuts out unnecessary parts of a video clip
VIDEO DATA
MPEG
Lossy compression cuts out unnecessary parts of a video clip
Saves each frame of video as a JPEG
These are called ‘i-frames’
Data that stays the same in following frames is removed
The next frames only store data on what has changed since last i-frame

72. VIDEO DATA
MPEG

73. Video Quality And File Size
VIDEO DATA
Video Quality And File Size
Colour depth:
Increasing colour depth improves quality and file sizes.
Resolution:
Increasing resolution improves quality and increases file sizes.
Frame rate:
Measured in frames per second (FPS).
Increasing frame rate increases file size. Lower frame rates reduce file size but make video clip ‘jerky’.

74. Video Quality And File Size
Video time:
increasing or reducing the time of a video is the obvious way to affect the file size.
Quality of the display of the clip is not affected.
Lossy compression:
Using MP3 compression reduces file sizes without affecting quality.

75. Video Data: Video Editing
Section 4: Multimedia Technology:

76. Timeline Each frame is displayed as a thumbnail image.
VIDEO DATA
Timeline
Each frame is displayed as a thumbnail image.
Each frame can be individually edited
The audio would also be on an timeline
Some packages provide multiple timelines

77. Storyboards Simple plan of final product Usually freehand and rough
VIDEO DATA
Storyboards
Simple plan of final product
Usually freehand and rough
Important process for all multimedia applications
Produced at Analysis stage

78. Crop Basically, cutting or removing the parts you don’t want.
VIDEO DATA
Crop
Basically, cutting or removing the parts you don’t want.
You may want to remove a frame or a whole scene.

79. VIDEO DATA
Sequencing
Once you’ve got your video cropped, edited you have to put it in sequence.
In other words, put it in the correct order
A B C D
B D C A

80. Wipe Transitions Used to ‘join up’ different scenes/frames
VIDEO DATA
Transitions
Used to ‘join up’ different scenes/frames
Different types are available, for example:
Wipe

81. Transitions Dissolve Used to ‘join up’ different scenes/frames
VIDEO DATA
Transitions
Used to ‘join up’ different scenes/frames
Different types are available, for example:
Dissolve

82. Box Out Transitions Used to ‘join up’ different scenes/frames
VIDEO DATA
Transitions
Used to ‘join up’ different scenes/frames
Different types are available, for example:
Box Out

83. Fade In Transitions Used to ‘join up’ different scenes/frames
VIDEO DATA
Transitions
Used to ‘join up’ different scenes/frames
Different types are available, for example:
Fade In

84. Intermediate 2 Multimedia Technology
VECTOR GRAPHICS
Vector Graphics
Multimedia Authoring - Section 5
Forfar Academy

85. VECTOR GRAPHICS
Vector Graphics
Object oriented or vector drawn graphics are stored by their attributes.
Sometimes referred to as being Scaleable, (independent of resolution). This means the image can be altered without any ‘blurry’ effect.
DrawPlus is an example of a Vector Graphics Software Package.

86. Vector graphics can be:
Layered - placed in front or behind other objects
Scaled - size changed without loss of image quality
Rotated - turned through a number of degrees
Flipped - reflected in a vertical or horizontal axis

87. Vector Graphics: File Formats
SVG: Scaleable Vector Graphics
VRML: Virtual Reality Mark-up Language
WRL: World Description Language
The above are based upon storing a graphic by is attributes.

88. Synthesised Sound Data
Intermediate 2 Multimedia Technology
SYNTHESISED SOUND DATA
Synthesised Sound Data
Multimedia - Section 6
Forfar Academy

89. SYNTHESISED SOUND DATA
MIDI
Musical Instrument Digital Interface
Standard interface to link a musical instrument and a computer.
Enables notes played on an instrument to be saved, edited, and played back through a MIDI device.

90. SYNTHESISED SOUND DATA
MIDI: Attributes
Instrument: Defines which instrument is playing according to the instrument number.
Pitch: Sets the musical tone of a note which is determined by frequency.
Volume: Controls the loudness or amplitude of a note.
Duration: Determines the length of a note (number of beats)
Tempo: The speed at which the piece of music is set.

91. Implication of Multimedia Technology
Intermediate 2 Multimedia Technology
VECTOR GRAPHICS
Implication of Multimedia Technology
Multimedia - Section 7
Forfar Academy

92. Discuss the following:
IMPLICATIONS OF MM TECHNOLOGY
Discuss the following:
Smartphone
Pocket PC
Digital Television
Virtual Reality

93. IMPLICATIONS OF MM TECHNOLOGY
Task
Pick one of the contemporary technologies listed from the previous slide:
Use MS PowerPoint to create a slide show about the device:
1 x Introduction Slide
4 x Information Slides
1 x Conclusion slide
The slideshow must show captured graphic data, edited sound data (use Audacity), and some form of edited video data (use MoviePlus).

94. Intermediate 2 Multimedia Technology
VECTOR GRAPHICS
Animation
Multimedia - Section 8
Forfar Academy

95. Animation Definition
animation refers to the process of adding movements to static images through various methods. Animated movements can be measured in frame per second (fps). The higher the fps, the smoother the transition between frames.

96. KEYFRAMES AND TWEENING

97. TWO-DIMENSIONAL ANIMATION (2D)

98. Path Animation

99. Cell Animation

100. SPECIAL EFFECTS OF ANIMATION
Morphing Warping