1. PLANTS

2. MONOCOTS VS DICOTS

3. Root Systems Fibrous roots: mat of thin roots (grasses) (MONOCOTS)
Taproot: one large, vertical
root with smaller lateral
roots; stores food
(dandelion, carrot) (DICOTS)
Adventitious: grow from an
atypical location

4. Shoot System: Stems & Leaves
Node
Internode
Axillary bud:
potential to form
vegetative branch;
usually dormant
Terminal bud
(inhibits growth of
axillary buds-
apical dominance)

5. Shoot System: Leaves
Leaves
Blade
Petiole- joins leaf to node of stem

6. TISSUE SYSTEMS Dermal (epidermis) – single layer; “skin” ; cuticle
Vascular – xylem & phloem
Ground– metabolic functions;
Pith- in dicots; internal to vascular tissue
Cortex- in dicots; external to vascular tissue
TISSUE SYSTEMS

7. XYLEM VESSEL ELEMENTS TRACHEIDS CONDUCTS WATER & MINERALS
ONLY UP (ONE WAY)
FUNCTIONAL CELLS - DEAD
STORAGE & SUPPORT
VESSEL
ELEMENTS
TRACHEIDS
Long, tapered, lignin

8. PHLOEM
TRANSPORTS FOOD
TWO WAY
SIEVE CELLS &
COMPANION CELLS

10. 3 Basic Cell Types 1. Parenchyma Thin polyhedral, flexible cell walls
“typical”; least specialized
metabolic functions
synthesize & store food
where photosynthesis occurs
1st stage of ALL developing plant cells
Palisade, spongy, pith, cortex

11. 3 Basic Cell Types Unevenly thick primary walls Groups or strands
2. Collenchyma
Unevenly thick primary walls
Groups or strands
Support of shoot
Do not restrain growth (no lignin)
Living, flexible, elongated
Strands near surface of
cortex in stems, petioles,
veins of leaves
Uncommon in roots
Celery stalk

12. 3 Basic Cell Types 3. Sclerenchyma Thick secondary walls with lignin
Support, conduct
Rigid walls remain as skeleton
Dead, do not elongate
Xylem’s vessel elements & tracheids
Stone cells
Fibers – long, slender, tapered, grouped (hemp, rope)
Sclereids – short, irregular shape (gritty pear texture, nutshells/seed coats)

14. MERISTEMS: growth tissues
APICAL MERISTEMS
Vertical growth
Shoots & roots (mitotic division)
LATERAL MERISTEMS
Increase diameter
VASCULAR CAMBIUM
(new xylem & phloem)
CORK CAMBIUM (cork)

15. Primary growth
of a root
Protection

16. Dicot Root
Monocot Root

17. Dicot Stem
Monocot Stem
Note – no cambium

18. Leaf
Structure

19. VASCULAR CAMBIUM LATERAL GROWTH (new xylem inside, new phloem outside)

20. SECONDARY
GROWTH
OF A STEM

21. ANATOMY OF A THREE YEAR OLD STEM
SPRING &
SUMMER XYLEM

22. XYLEM
Wood
Annual rings
Spring/summer xylem
Non conducting