1. 1 THE KINGDOM PROTISTA OBJECTIVE: 20.1 Explain what a protist is.

2. 2 A ______ is any organism that is not a plant, an animal, a fungus, or a prokaryote. Protists are _______ that are not members of the kingdoms Plantae, Anaimalia, or Fungi. What do eukaryote have that prokaryote do not?

3. 3 Radiolarian Spirogyra Euplotes Examples of protists include freshwater _______, _______ and ________.

4. 4 ______ is a Greek word that means “ the very first.” Biologist hypothesized that the first eukaryotes evolved from a _________ of several cells. ___________ and _________ found in eukaryotic cells may be descended from aerobic and photosynthetic prokaryotes that began to live inside larger cells.

5. 5 Many protist that are ______ are called animal liked protists. Those that produce their own by ___________ are called plantlike protists. Those that obtain their food by ______ digestion – either as decomposers or parasites – are called funguslike.

6. 6 ANIMALLIKE PROTIST: PROTOZOANS OBJECTIVES: 20.2 Describe the major phyla of animallike protist. Explain how animallike protist harm other living things.

7. 7 Animallike protist were once called _________. Protozoa means first “animals.”

8. 8 Animal protists that swim using _____ are classified in the phylum ________ and are often called zooflagellates. Most have ___ or ___ flagella, some have many. Leishmania donovani

9. 9 Zooflagellates are generally able to ______ food their food through their cell membrane. Some live in ____ and _______ while others live inside other organisms. Most reproduce asexually by _____ and ________. Some have a _____ life cycle. During sexual reproduction, _____ cells are produced by ________. The gamete fuse and new _______ information is formed

10. 10 Members of the phylum ______, or sarcodines, move via temporary _________ projections known as _________. Sarcodines are animal-like protists that use _______ for feeding and movement.

11. 11 The best-known sarcodines are the _______. Amoebas are ________, active cells with thick pseudopods that extend out of the central mass of the cell. The ________ of the cell streams into the pseudopod, and the rest of the cell follows. This type of locomotion is known as _______ movement.

12. 12 ______ can capture and digest particles of food and even other cells. They do this by surrounding their meal, then taking it inside themselves to form a food _________. A food vacuole is a small ______ in the cytoplasm that temporarily stores food.

13. 13 ___________, are abundant in the warmer regions of the oceans. They secrete shells of ______ carbonate.

14. 14 _______ are another group of sarcodines. _______ means “sun animal”. The spikes of the cytoplasm supported by ________ project from their silica shells making them look like the sun’s rays.

15. 15 The phylum _______ is named for cilia, short hairlike projection similar to flagella. Members of the phylum Ciliophora, known as ________, use cilia for feeding and movement.

16. 16 The beating of ____ propels a cell rapidly through water (fresh and salt water). A ________ is a ciliate.

17. 17 The cell membrane of a paramecium is highly structured and has _____ below its surface. Trichocysts are bottle- shaped structures used in the _____. When confronted with danger, the trichocysts release stiff _______ that protect the cell.

18. 18 Parameciums like most ciliates have two types of ______. ____________ keeps copies of the genetic material for day to day existence. ________ has a reserve copy of all the cell genes.

19. 19 Many ciliates obtain food by using cilia to sweep food particles into the ______, an indentation in one side of the organism. The particles are trapped in the gullet and forced into food _____ that form at its base. The material in the food vacuole is ________. ______ materials are emptied into the environment when the food vacuole fuses with the region of the cell membrane called the ___ _____.

20. 20 In fresh water, water may enter the cell through _____. The excess water is collected in ________. They are then empty into canals that are arranged in a star- shaped pattern around _______ vacuoles.. Contractile vacuoles are ______ in the cytoplasm that are specialized to collect water. When it is full it _______abruptly, pumping the water out of the organism.

21. 21 Under most conditions, ciliates reproduce asexually by _____ and _____________. When placed under stress paramecia may engage in process known as _____ that allows them to exchange ______ material with other individuals.

22. 22 Members of the phylum _______ do not move on their own and are _______. Sporozoans reproduce by __________.

23. 23 Some animallike protists cause serious diseases, including malarial and African sleeping sickness. The sporozoan Plasmodium, which causes malaria, is carried by female Anopheles mosquito. When it enters it attacks the liver and RBC. When the cells burst, the release of the parasite produces chills and fever. Some forms can be treated with chloroquinine, while others are resistant.

24. 24

25. 25 Trpanosoma Tsetse fly Trypanosoma causes African sleeping sickness. The zooflagellate is carried by the Tsetse fly. It destroys RBC, nerve cells, and other tissues of the body. Symptoms are fever, chills, and loss of consciousness.

26. 26 Entamoeba Entamoeba lives in the intestines where they absorb food. They attack the walls of the intestine, destroying parts of it and causes bleeding. They are passed out through feces.

27. 27 Giardia Giardia can cause severe diarrhea and digestive problems. It can be killed by boiling water or by adding iodine to the water.

28. 28 Some animallike protists are beneficial to other organisms. Trichonympha (zooflagelate) lives inside the digestive system of termites. It makes it possible for termites to eat wood. Termites can not break down cellulose. Trichonympha makes cellulase that breaks down the bonds of cellulose.

29. 29 Trichonympha

30. 30 PLANTLIKE PROTISTS: UNICELLUAR ALGAE OBJECTIVES: 20.3 Describe the function of chlorophyll and accessory pigments in algae. Describe the major phyla of unicellular algae. Summarize the ecological role of unicellular algae

31. 31 One of the key traits used to classify algae is the type of photosynthetic pigments they contain. Life in deep water poses a major difficulty for algae – a shortage of light. As sunlight passes through the water it gets absorb by the water. Sea water absorbs red and violet wavelengths. The water become bluer in deep water. Blue light contain very little energy.

32. 32 Groups of algae have adapted to limited light by making different forms of chlorophyll. Chlorophyll a captures red and violet. Each type (chlorophyll a, b, c) absorbs different wavelengths. Many algae also have compounds called accessory pigment that absorb light at diffferent wavelenths.

33. 33 Euglenophytes are plantlike protists that have two flagella but no cell wall. Euglena are found in lakes and ponds around the world. Near the gullet end of the cell is a cluster of red pigment known as an eyespot (helps to find sunlight). They have an intricate cell wall called a pellicle (folded into ribbon like ridges). Reproduces asexually. Euglenophyte

34. 34 About half of the dinoflagellates are photosynthetic: the other half live as heterotrophs. Most have two flagella that wrap around the organism in grooves between two thick plates. Most reproduce asexually by binary fission. Many are luminescent, when agitated by sudden movement in the water, emit light. Pyrrophyta (fire plant)

35. 35 Plantlike protist play a major ecological role on Earth. Their position is at the base of the food chain in the ocean, which makes much of the diversity of aquatic life possible. Phytoplankton is a population of small, photosynthetic organisms found near the surface of the ocean. About half of the photosynthesis that is carried out by phytoplankton.

36. 36 Red tide (Karenia brevis) Blue-green algae bloom Red tide (Gonyaulax)

37. 37 Many protist grow rapidly in regions where sewage is discharged. When the amount of waste is excessive population of euglenophytes and other algae grow in enormous masses known as blooms. It deplete the water of nutrients and as the algae dies it robs the oxygen, choking its resident fish and invertebrates life. Shellfish from water infected with red tide can cause serious illness, paralysis and even death.

38. 38 PLANTLIKE PROTIST: RED, BROWN, AND GREEN ALGAE OBJECTIVES 20.4 Describe the major phyla of multicellular algae. Explain how multicellular algae reproduce. Identify some human uses of algae.

39. 39 Red algae are able to live at great depths due to their efficiency in harvesting light energy. Red algae contain chlorophyll a and reddish accessory pigments called phycobilins. Phycobilins are especially good at absorbing blue light. Most reds are multicellular. They play an important role in the formation of coral reefs. Phylum Rhodophyta

40. 40 Phylum Phaeophyta Duskty plant Brown algae contain chlorophyll a and c, as well as a brown accessory pigment, fucoxanthin. The combination of fucoxanthin and chlorophyll a and c gives these algae a dark yellow-brown color. All are multicellular. Largest known specimen is kelp.

41. 41 Green algae share many characteristics with plants, including their photosynthetic pigments and cell wall composition. Phylum Chlorophyta green plants Green algae have cellulose in their cell walls, contains chlorophyll a and b, and store food in the form of starch. Found in both salt and fresh water.

42. 42 Chlamydomonas, a typical single-cell green algae, grows in lakes, ponds, and wet soil. It is egg shaped and has two flagella. Within the base of the chloroplast is a region that synthesizes and stores starch.

43. 43 Spirogyra forms long threadlike colonies called filaments, in which the cells are stacked on top of each other. Volvox colonies are arranged in hollow balls.

44. 44 Ulva (sea lettuce) is a bright green marine alga that is found along rocky coasts. It contains several specialized cell types. It is only two cells thick.

45. 45 The life cycles of many algae include both a diploid and a haploid generation. Many algae switch back and forth between haploid and diploid stages during their life cycles, in a process known as alternation of generations. Many species also shift back and forth between sexual and asexual reproduction.

46. 46 The single celled Chylamydomonas spends most of its life in the haploid stages. As long as the living conditions are favorable it will reproduce asexually.

47. 47 If conditions become unfavorable, Chlyamydomonas can also reproduce sexually. The cells continue to reproduce asexually, instead of releasing zoospores, the cells release gametes. The gametes are two opposite mating types + and –. They gather in large groups and pair up and move away from the group. They join flagella and around in the water.

48. 48 They then shed their cell walls and fuse, forming a diploid zygote. The zygote sinks to the bottom and forms a thick protective wall. Inside the wall it can survive freezing or dry conditions. When conditions are favorable, the zygote begins to grow. It divides and produce 4 flagellated haploid cells.

49. 49 The life cycle of Ulva involves AOG in which both the haploid and diploid phases are large and multicellular. The haploid phases produces two gametes (male and female) known as gametophytes. The diploid stage undergoes meiosis to produce haploid reproductive cells called spores. Because Ulva produces spores it is know as a sporophyte.

50. 50 FUNGUSLIKE PROTISTS OBJECTIVES: 20.5 Compare and contrast funguslike protists and fungi. Describe slime molds and water molds. Summarize the ecological roles of funguslike protist.

51. 51 Like fungi, the funguslike protist are heterotrophic that absorb nutrients from dead or decaying organic matter. Unlike most true fungi, funguslike prostists have centrioles. They also lack chitin cell wall of true fungi. Fuligo septica

52. 52 Slime molds, as you would expect, are found in damp areas that are rich in organic matter. They play key roles in recycling organic material. Cellular slime mold have cells that remain distinct individual cells during the whole life cycle. Slime molds that pass through a stage in which their cells fuse form large cell with many nuclei are called acellular slime molds.

53. 53 Cellular slime mold spend most of their lives as free- living cells that are not easily distinguishable from soil amoebas. They send out a chemical signals that attract other cells of the same species. The colony migrates for several cm and then produces a fruiting body (a slender reproductive structure that produces spores. Red raspberry slime mold

54. 54 Acellular slime mold starts its life as amoeba like cells. When they come together, their cells fuse to produce structures with many nuclei. These structures are plasmodia. Water molds are oomycetes that thrive on dead or decaying organic matter in water and some are plant parasites on land.

55. 55 Water mold Oomycetes thrive on dead or decaying organic matter in water and some are plant parasites on land. They are not true fungi. Water mold produces thin filaments called hypae, are multinucleate, have cellulose, and produces motile spores.

56. 56 They reproduce sexually and asexually. In asexual reproduction, parts of the hyphae develop into zoosporangia. Sexual reproduction takes place in structures that are formed by the hyphae. The antheridium produces male nuclei. The oogonium produces the female nuclei.