1. The Protists Eukaryotes. Most unicellular. Most aerobic.
Moist environments
Can be photoheterotrophs or photoautotrophs, chemoheterotrophs or mixotrophs.
Flagella or cilia.
All protists can reproduce asexually, some sexually
Plankton.

2. Endosymbiosis
Eukaryotic cells evolved from symbiotic combinations of prokaryotic cells.
Mitochondria  aerobic heterotrophic prokaryotic cells
Chloroplasts  photosynthetic prokaryotes that became endosymbionts within larger cells.

3. Evidence for Endosymbiosis
Similarities between modern bacteria and the chloroplasts/mitochondria of eukaryotes:
*size
*membrane enzymes and transport systems
*circular DNA molecules
*process of division
*ribosomes (and rRNA sequence) similar

4. The Candidate Kingdoms
Archaezoa
Euglenozoa
Alveolata
Stramenopila
Rhodophyta
Green Algae

5. Candidate Kingdom Archaezoa
Giardia
have two nuclei, flagella, and no mitochondria or plasmids (…parasites)

6. Candidate Kingdom Euglenozoa
Autotrophic and/or heterotrophic flagellates
Euglena
1 or 2 flagella
Kinetoplasts
parasitic, e.g. causes African Sleeping Sickness (bite of tsetse fly)
Trypanosoma

7. Candidate Kingdom Alveolata
Dinoflagellates, phytoplankton, cause red tides. Brownish red color from xanthophyll.
Apicomplexans, plasmodium, causes malaria.
Ciliates, paramecium, freshwater.
Next Group

8. Dinoflagellates

9. Apicomplexans
Leishmania
Parasite infected erythrocyte

10. Life history of Plasmodium

11. Ciliates
Stentor
Paramecium
Vorticella

12. Pseudopod “Protists” Taxonomic lineage unclear, so no clear kingdom found
Rhizopods, amoebas
Actinopods, radiolarians and heliozoans (delicate silica shells).
Foraminiferans, marine with porous calcereous shells. Used as index fossils.
Slime Molds, cytoplasmic streaming

13. Rhizopod
Amoeba

14. Actinopods
Radiolarians

15. Foraminiferans

16. Slime Molds Plasmodial Slime Mold – Myxomycota.
Heterotrophic,brightly colored, multinucleated ameboid mass.

17. Candidate Kingdom Stramenopila
Diatoms (bacillariophyta)– unicellular plankton with box-like silica walls. Diatomaceous earth.
Golden Algae (chrysophyta) – yellow and brown carotene and xanthrophyll pigments
Brown Algae (phaeophyta)- largests and most complex. Seaweeds and kelps, may be as long as 60m.
Water Molds (oomycota) – white rusts and downy mildews
Next Group

18. Diatoms
                                                         

19. Golden Algae - Chrysophyta

20. Brown Algae - Phaeophyta
Kelp Harvesting

21. Kelp Structures Analogous plant-like structures Body = thallus
Root-like structure – holdfast
Stem-like structure – stipe
Leaf-like structure - blades

22. Water molds, white rusts and downy mildews
White rust on spinach

23. Candidate Kingdom Rhodophyta
Lack flagella
Red color from the pigment
Marine
Multicellular

24. Candidate Kingdom Green Algae
*Many scientists advocate inclusion of green algae into
the plant kingdom.
*More than 7000 species, mostly freshwater.
*Unicellular – Chlamydomonas
*Colonial – Volvox
*Multicellular – Ulva
Ulva

25. Green Algae - Chlorophyta
Volvox
Chlamydomonas
Spirogyra

26. Chlamydomonas Life Cycle

27. Ulva Life Cycle