1. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Table of Contents Section 1 Protists Section 2 Kinds of Protists Section 3 Fungi Chapter 11 Protists and Fungi

2. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 1 Protists Objectives Describe the characteristics of protists. Describe four ways that protists get food. Describe three ways that protists reproduce. Chapter 11

3. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 1 Protists General Characteristics A protist is a member of the kingdom Protista. Most protists are *. Eukaryotic Organisms All protists are *. Chapter 11

4. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 1 Protists Protists and Food Producing Food Some protists are producers. Like green plants, these protists make their own food through photosynthesis. Finding Food Some protists must get food from their environment. These protists are heterotrophs. Heterotrophs are * Chapter 11

5. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 1 Protists Protists and Food, continued Some protists are decomposers. Decomposers get energy by breaking down dead organic material. Some protists are parasites. A parasite *. * is called a host. Chapter 11

6. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 1 Protists Producing More Protists Chapter 11 Asexual Reproduction Most protists reproduce asexually. In asexual reproduction, the offspring come from just one parent. Sexual Reproduction Some protists can reproduce sexually. Sexual reproduction requires two parents.

7. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 1 Protists Producing More Protists, continued Chapter 11 Many protists can reproduce asexually and sexually. In some protist producers, the kind of reproduction alternates by generation. For example, a parent will reproduce asexually, and its offspring will reproduce sexually.

8. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 1 Protists Producing More Protists, continued Chapter 11 Reproductive Cycles Some protists have complex reproductive cycles. These protists may change forms many times. The next slide shows the life cycle of Plasmodium vivax, the protist that causes the disease malaria.

9. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 1 Protists Chapter 11

10. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 2 Kinds of Protists Objectives Describe how protists can be organized into three groups based on their shared traits. List an example for each group of protists. Chapter 11

11. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 2 Kinds of Protists Protist Producers Scientist place protists into three groups based on their shared traits: producers, heterotrophs that can move, and heterotrophs that can’t move. Many protists are producers. Like plants, protist producers use *. These protist producers are known as algae. Chapter 11

12. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 2 Kinds of Protists Protist Producers, continued Some algae are made of many cells and generally live in shallow water along the shore. You may know these algae as seaweeds. Phytoplankton are the *. Chapter 11

13. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 2 Kinds of Protists Protist Producers, continued Red Algae Most of the world’s seaweeds are red algae and live in tropical oceans, attached to rocks or to other algae. Green Algae The green algae are the most diverse group of protist producers. Most live in water or moist soil. But others live in melting snow, on tree trunks, and inside other organisms. Chapter 11

14. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 2 Kinds of Protists Protist Producers, continued Brown Algae Most of the seaweeds found in cool climates are brown algae. They attach to rocks or form large floating beds in ocean waters. Diatoms are single celled. They are found in both salt water and fresh water and make up a large percentage of phytoplankton. Chapter 11

15. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 2 Kinds of Protists Protist Producers, continued Dinoflagellates have two whiplike strands called flagella. The beating of these flagella causes the cells to spin through the water. Most dinoflagellates live in salt water, but some live in fresh water or snow. Euglenoids are *. Many euglenoids are producers, but can also get food as heterotrophs. Other eugelnoids are full time consumers or decomposers. Chapter 11

16. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 2 Kinds of Protists Heterotrophs That Can Move Heterotrophic protists that can move are often called protozoans. Amoebas and similar amoeba-like protists are * Although amoebas look shapeless, they are highly structured cells. Chapter 11

17. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 2 Kinds of Protists Heterotrophs That Can Move, continued Amoebic Movement Amoebas and amoeba-like protists move with pseudopodia. Pseudopodia means “false feet.” Amoebas and amoeba-like protists use pseudopodia to catch food, too. Shelled Amoeba-Like Protists Not all amoeba- like protists look shapeless. Some have an outer shell. Chapter 11

18. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 2 Kinds of Protists Heterotrophs That Can Move, continued Zooflagellates Flagellates are protists that wave flagella back and forth to move. Some flagellates live in water. Others live in the bodies of other organisms. Chapter 11

19. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 2 Kinds of Protists Heterotrophs That Can Move, continued Ciliates Ciliates are complex protists. * known as cilia. Ciliates use their cilia for movement and also for feeding. The best-known genus of ciliates is Paramecium. Chapter 11

20. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 2 Kinds of Protists Chapter 11

21. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 2 Kinds of Protists Heterotrophs That Can’t Move Some protist heterotrophs are parasites that do not move about. Others can only move at certain phases of their life cycle. Spore-Forming Protists Most spore-forming protists are parasites. They absorb nutrients from their hosts. Spore-forming protists have complicated life cycles that usually include two or more hosts. Chapter 11

22. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 2 Kinds of Protists Heterotrophs That Can’t Move, continued Water Molds live in water, moist soil, or other organisms. Some of them are decomposers and thus eat dead matter. But many are parasites. Slime Molds can move only at certain phases of their life cycle. Live in cool, moist places in the woods. They use pseudipodia to move around. But when environmental conditions are stressful, they form spores that cannot move. Chapter 11

23. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 3 Fungi Objectives Describe the characteristics of fungi. Distinguish between the four main groups of fungi. Explain how lichens affect their environment. Chapter 11

24. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 3 Fungi Characteristics of Fungi Fungi are *. They are so different from other organisms that they are placed in their own kingdom. Food for Fungi Fungi cannot catch or surround food. Fungi must live on or near their food supply. Most fungi are consumers, but some are decomposers and others are parasites. Chapter 11

25. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 3 Fungi Characteristics of Fungi, continued Hidden from View *called hyphae. Most of the hyphae grow together form an underground mass called *. Chapter 11

26. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 3 Fungi Characteristics of Fungi, continued Making More Fungi Reproduction in fungi may be either asexual or sexual. In one type of asexual reproduction, the hyphae break apart, and each new piece becomes a new fungus. Chapter 11

27. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 3 Fungi Characteristics of Fungi, continued Asexual reproduction can also take place by the production of spores. Spores are *. When the growing conditions are right, a spore will grow into a new fungus. Sexual reproduction in fungi happens when special structures form to make sex cells. The sex cells join to produce sexual spores that grow into a new fungus. Chapter 11

28. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 3 Fungi Kinds of Fungi Fungi are classified based on their shape and the way that they reproduce. Threadlike Fungi Most threadlike fungi *. However, some threadlike fungi are parasites. Molds are a threadlike fungi. Threadlike fungi can reproduce asexually or sexually. Chapter 11

29. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 3 Fungi Kinds of Fungi, continued Sac Fungi are the largest group of fungi. Sac fungi include * Sac fungi can reproduce both asexually and sexually during their life cycles. Most of the time, they use asexual reproduction. Chapter 11

30. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 3 Fungi Kinds of Fungi, continued Club Fungi Mushrooms belong to a group of fungi called club fungi. Club fungi reproduce sexually. During reproduction, they grow special hyphae that form clublike structures. Nonmushroom Club Fungi Mushrooms are not the only club fungi. * are also club fungi. Chapter 11

31. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 3 Fungi Kinds of Fungi, continued Imperfect Fungi The imperfect fungi group includes all of the species of fungi that do not quite fit in the other groups. These fungi do not reproduce sexually. Most imperfect fungi are parasites that cause diseases in plants and animals. But some imperfect fungi, such as Penicillium, are useful. Chapter 11

32. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 3 Fungi Lichens A lichen is a *. The alga actually lives inside the protective walls of the fungus. Unlike fungi, lichens are producers. The algae produce food through photosynthesis. And unlike algae, the fungi keeps the lichen from drying out. Lichens are found in almost every land environment. Chapter 11