1. Supergroup Rhizaria Supergroup Rhizaria
Grouped based on molecular similarities not morphology (form and structures)
All have Pseudopodia: extensions that bulge from cell surface
Includes 3 groups:
Forams
Radiolarians
Chlorarachniophytes

2. Supergroup Rhizaria Forams Foraminiferans (Forams) Latin
foramen: little hole
Tests: porus shell made of calcium carbonate
Pseudopodia extend through the pores function in feeding, test formation, and feeding
Most photoautotrophic (symbiotic zooxanthellae)
Most are benthic but some planktonic

3. Supergroup Rhizaria Chlorarachniophytes Chlorarachniophytes
Typically found in tropical oceans
Mixotrophic: can ingest other microorganisms and able to carry out photosynthesis
Pseudopodia extensions form a net to connect cells together and capture prey
J. Archibald, 2004

4. Supergroup Rhizaria Radiolarians Radiolaria
Delicate, intricately symmetrical internal skeletons made of silica
Pseudopodia radiate from the central body and reinforced with microtubules
Most heterotrophic, capturing smaller microorganisms with sticky pseudopodia
Mostly marine

5. Supergroup Rhizaria Radiolarians
Ensa Rybra, 2011 (bad source?)

6. Supergroup Rhizaria Radiolarians
Ensa Rybra, 2011 (bad source?)

7. Supergroup Rhizaria Radiolarians
Ensa Rybra, 2011 (bad source?)

8. Supergroup Rhizaria Radiolarians
Ensa Rybra, 2011 (bad source?)

9. Supergroup Rhizaria Radiolarians
Ensa Rybra, 2011 (bad source?)

10. Supergroup Rhizaria Radiolarians
Ensa Rybra, 2011 (bad source?)

11. Supergroup Rhizaria Radiolarians
Ensa Rybra, 2011 (bad source?)

12. Supergroup Rhizaria Radiolarians
Ensa Rybra, 2011 (bad source?)

13. Supergroup Rhizaria Radiolarians
Ensa Rybra, 2011 (bad source?)

14. Supergroup Rhizaria Radiolarians
Ensa Rybra, 2011 (bad source?)

15. Supergroup Archaeplastida
Photosynthetic
Can be unicellular, colonial, or multicellular
Contains 3 groups:
Rhodophyta
Green Algae
Land Plants

16. Supergroup Archaeplastida
Red Algae
Rhodophytes
Greek (rhodos = red)
Abundant in warm coastal waters
Since they absorb blue and green light they can be found relatively deep
Also a small number of freshwater and terrestrial species
Most multicellular
Nori: crispy sheets of Porphyra sp. Used to wrap sushi
Unlike other algae, they have no flagellated stages in their life cycles and depend on water currents to spread gametes
2011
2011
Unknown original source,

17. Supergroup Archaeplastida
Green Algae
Chlorophytes
Greek (chloro = green)
Most species freshwater but some marine or terrestrial
Simplest are unicellular like Chlamydomonas sp.which resemble the gametes of the more complex algae and plants
Unknown original source,

18. Supergroup Archaeplastida
Green Algae
Chlorophytes
Many of the unicellular chlorophytes exist as plankton or inhabit damp soil
Some have even adapted to living in snow (‘watermelon snow’)
Lars Jensen, University of Michigan, 2009

19. Supergroup Archaeplastida
Green Algae
Chlorophytes
Larger size and greater complexity are present
Complex life cycles with both sexual and asexual reproductive stages
Reproduce sexually by means of biflagellated gametes
Steve Trewhella, 2011

20. Supergroup Archaeplastida
Green Algae
Chlorophytes
Caulerpa taxifolia, an invasive species in freshwater ecosystems of the US
2011

21. Supergroup Archaeplastida
Green Algae
Chlorophytes

22. Supergroup Archaeplastida
Green Algae
Charophytes
Closest relatives of land plants
Schubert, Hendrik & Blindow, Irmgard, Charophytes of the Baltic Sea, Koeltz Scientific Books, Date ?
Unknown original source,

23. Supergroup Unikonts Recently proposed, extremely diverse supergroup
Two major groups:
Amoebozoans (amoebas)
Opisthokonts (animals, fungi, and closely related protists)
Amoebozoans
Includes amoebas such as:
Mycetozoans
Gymnamoebas
Entaboebas

24. Supergroup Unikonts Amoebozoa Mycetozoans (slime molds)
Produce fruiting bodies that aid in spore dispersal
Two groups:
Plasmodial slime molds
Often brightly colored
Cellular slime molds
Unique in that they function individually until food runs out and they form a unit
Pictured is Dog Vomit Slime Mold
KeresHwn, wikicommons, 2011

25. Supergroup Unikonts Amoebozoa Gymnamoebas
Live in soil as well as freshwater and marine environments
Most are heterotrphic and actively seek and consume bacteria and other protists
Your typical amoeba
Pictured is Dog Vomit Slime Mold
Michael Gregory, Clinton Community College, 2011

26. Supergroup Unikonts Amoebozoa Entamoebas Parasites!
Humans can be host to at least 6 species, but only one is pathogenic:
E. histolytica
Cause dysentery and responsible for up to 100,000 deaths a year
Spread via contaminated water, food, and utensils (must be ingested)
Wikipedia commons, 2011
Pictured is Dog Vomit Slime Mold
2011

27. Supergroup Unikonts Opisthokonts Opisthokonts
Extremely diverse group including animals, fungi and several groups of protists
Nucleariids: closely related to fungi
Choanoflagellates: closely related to animals
2009
Pictured is Dog Vomit Slime Mold

28. Eukaryotes are divided into 5 supergroups
Campbell, et al., Biology, Pearson, 2008
Eukaryotes are divided into 5 supergroups