1. The Unification of Italy and Germanys

2. Nationalism What is nationalism?
The belief that the greatest loyalty should be to a nation of people who share a common culture & history

3. Types of Nationalism
Nationalism that unifies culturally similar lands and people
Nationalism that unifies a country by its accomplishments

4. The Unification of Italy
Key Figures
Giuseppe Mazzini—’the Heart’
Count Camillo di Cavour—’the Brain’
Giuseppe Garibaldi—’the Sword’
Victor Emmanuel II—’the King’

5. The Unification of Italy
Background
Centuries of on and off foreign rule (pre-dates the Renaissance)
1815—Congress of Vienna
-- divided Italy into large and small states
--Austria ruled the northern half

6. The Unification of Italy
: Desire for independence from foreign domination
1848: Giuseppe Mazzini leads a revolt to push Austria out of Italy
1849: Austrians re-establish control

7. The Unification of Italy
Cavour Leads Northern Italian Unification
1852: Camillo di Cavour named Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Sardinia
Uses diplomacy to reach his ultimate two-pronged goal
-Unify Italy
-Eliminate foreign domination
-chooses allies carefully
Chooses France as ally
1859:Provokes war with Austria
French help win control of Austrian-controlled Italian land

8. The Unification of Italy
1859: Giuseppe Garibaldi Brings Unity
Leads nationalists who conquer southern Italy
Known as the “Red Shirts” for their attire during battle
1861:Cavour convinces Garibaldi to unite southern Italy and Sardinia
Garibaldi steps aside, allowing King of Sardinia to rule

9. The Unification of Italy
Cavour Leads Northern Italian Unification
1859: Cavour maintained good relationships with GB, Prussia and Russia to isolate France
1861: Cavour dies

11. The Unification of Italy
1860: Cavour diplomatically destroys Garibaldi
1861, Victor Emmanuel II was crowned King of Italy
Cavour dies
Become allies with Prussia
1866 proclaim Italy a nation

12. The Unification of Italy
1870: Rome becomes the capital of a unified Italy
Italy is physically unified
Italy recognized as a country by other nations

13. The Unification of Germany
Key Figures
Otto von Bismarck—’Iron and Blood’
King Wilhelm I

14. The Unification of Germany
Beginning in 1815:
German Confederation
Divided into 39 German states
Austria controlled the Confederation
Prussia lead the unification movement
Prussian Advantage:
Germans looked to Prussia for leadership

15. The Unification of Germany
Prussian Advantage
Mainly a German population creating strong nationalism
Very powerful army
Created the zollverin (free-trade that excluded Austria)
Absolute Monarch
Wealthy middle-class had no political influence
Lead the German Confederation in industrialization
Effective railroad system

16. The Unification of Germany
Austrian Advantage:
Considered natural leader
Home of the Holy Roman Emperor
Cultural center of the arts
Austrian disadvantage
Multi-national: many groups non-German and wanted there own national identity
Lagged behind in industrial development

17. The Unification of Germany
1848-9: Germans looked to Prussia for leadership
1860: King Wilhelm I tried to enlarge Prussia

18. The Unification of Germany
1862: Otto von Bismarck appointed Prime Minister
Member of the “Junker” class
Conservative wealthy landowners (military officers)
Used military force to achieve political gain—WAR
Considered a master of realpolitik (based on practical matters rather than theory or ethics)

19. The Unification of Germany
1862: Otto von Bismarck appointed Prime Minister
Understood the importance of national pride
Targeted Austria as a major rival

20. The Unification of Germany
1864: Prussia Expands using war
Prussia & Austria fight Denmark, gain two provinces
Quick victory makes other German nations respect Prussia
Used it efficient railroad system to move troops to battle
1866: Seven Weeks’ War
Prussia defeated and humiliated Austria
Gains Austrian territory
East and West Prussia are united

21. The Unification of Germany
1867: Austria agrees to a dual monarchy
To appease Hungarians
Now Austrian-Hungarian Monarchy
Created internal problems
1867: Southern Catholic Germans look to Prussia for help
Felt threatened by France
1870: Franco-Prussian War

22. The Unification of Germany
1870: Prussia defeats France
Final step in German unification
United under Prussian dominance
1871: Wilhelm I of Prussia crowned Kaiser of the newly formed German Empire known as the Second Reich
Bismarck appointed first prime minister of the new nation
Bismarck creates a Germany united under Prussian dominance

24. Italian Unification Timeline
1860 – Garibaldi and the “Red Shirt”
Land in Sicily
1859 – War With Austria,
Italy gets Lombardy with help of
Napoleon III
1866: 7 Weeks’ War, Italy sides
with Prussia & receives Venice
1861- Victor Emmanuel II
Proclaimed “King of Italy”
Cavour dies
Franco-Prussian War,
Italy takes Rome
ITALY UNIFIED
1871: Rome proclaimed capital
of unified Italy
Revolution of 1848
1852 – Cavour becomes
Prime Minister of Sardinia

25. German Unification Timeline
1862 – William I
Bismarck
appointed
Head of cabinet
1818 – Prussia eliminates tariffs
Weeks’ War;
German Confederation
Dissolved; Prussia takes Schleswig & Holstein
1848 – Revolution &
Frankfurt Parliament
Franco-Prussian War;
France loses
Alsace-
Lorraine
1864 – Austria &
Germany defeat Denmark:
Austria takes Schleswig,
Prussia takes Holstein
1871: German
Empire
Proclaimed;
Bismarck
appointed
Chancellor
Carlsbad Decrees
1844 – Zollverein includes
Almost all German states

26. GOALS METHODS BISMARCK CAVOUR Unification of Germany
Increase Prussian Power
Decrease Austrian influence in Germany (drive them out of Germany)
“blood and iron” – war, trickery, etc… (7 Weeks War, tricked Austria; Franco-Prussian War)
Realpolitik – do whatever is necessary to achieve goals, not what is moral or right
CAVOUR
Unification of Italy
Make Sardinia a model of progress and efficiency (liberalism)
Did not favor war, but was willing to use it if necessary (got involved in Crimean War to have a place at the peace negotiations in order to bring up the Italian question; joined Prussia in 7 Weeks War to get Venetia)
Used plebiscites and majority opinion to unify
Let the “Red Shirts” and Garibaldi do work for him