1. Skeletal System

2. Axial Skeleton
______ bones

3. Appendicular Skeleton
__________ bones

4. Bony composition

5. Endochondral Ossification

6. Congenital and Hereditary Diseases

7. Osteogenesis Imperfecta
AKA: ____________________
_________ or congenital
Serious disease
Bone cortex is thin and porous, and trabeculae are thin, delicate and widely separated
X-ray demonstrates various fractures in various stages of healing and general decrease in bone mass
Often called brittle bone disease
Hereditary or congenital
Serious disease
Bone cortex is thin and porous, and trabeculae are thin, delicate and widely separated
X-ray demonstrates various fractures in various stages of healing and general decrease in bone mass

8. Osteogeneis Imperfecta

9. Achondroplasia Most common inherited disorder of the skeletal system
Results in bone __________ & dwarfism
Normal trunk size & shortened extremities
Usually no more than _____________ft tall
Clinical manifestation:
Lumbar lordosis,
bowed legs,
bulky forehead with hypoplasia,
narrowing of foramen magnum causing neural compression
Achondroplasia

10. Achondroplasia

11. Osteopetrosis Bones are abnormally _________ and _______ but brittle
All bones are affected but most changes occur in long bones of extremities, vertebrae, pelvis and base of skull
X-rays demonstrate increase in thickness and density of bony cortex.
Increase in the # and size of trabeculae, reduction of the marrow space

12. Osteopetrosis

13. Scoliosis ________ curvature of the spine
Does not usually become visible until adolescents
Affects girl more

14. Scoliosis

15. Rotoscoliosis

16. Transitional Vertebra Often called Lumbar Ribs
Takes on characteristics of both vertebrae on each side of a major division of the spine
1st lumbar may have a rib
At C7 there may be a cervical rib

17. Cervical Ribs & Lumbar Ribs

18. Anencephaly Congenital abnormality _______ and _____ do not form
Results in death shortly after birth
Can be diagnosed with __________ before they are born

19. Anencephaly

20. Inflammatory Diseases

21. Rheumatoid Arthritis Chronic autoimmune that may fluctuate in severity
Overgrowth of the ________ _______
X-ray shows soft tissue swelling & osteoporosis of affected bone. Bone erosion a& decalcification
Rheumatoid Arthritis

22. Rheumatoid Arthritis

23. Osteoarthritis Most common form of arthritis
Articular cartilage _____________ & gradually is worn away exposing underlying bone
Ostephytes & ______ _______ are on x-rays
Osteoarthritis

24. Osteoarthritis

25. Osteomyelitis Infection of the bone & bone marrow
Symptoms & signs include fever, heat in the affected area, & dull pain
X-rays demonstrate loss of bone calcium and soft tissue swelling
Osteomyelitis

26. Osteomyelitis

27. Ankylosing Spondylitis
Progressive form of arthritis affecting the spine
X-ray shows bilateral narrowing & fuzziness of the SI joints
Calcification of the bones of the spine with ossification of the vertebral ligaments
Ankylosing Spondylitis

28. Ankylosing Spondylitis

29. Is an inherited metabolic disorder in which excessive amounts of ______ _______is produced & deposited in the joint and adjacent bone
Bone changes include erosion & overhanging edges
Gout

30. Gout

31. Spondylolisthesis Slipping of the body of the vertebra
Symptoms are similar to those of a herniated disk

32. Spondylolisthesis

33. Osteochondroma _____________ bone tumor Affects women more than men
Asymptomatic
Excessive bone growth
Cortex of osteochondroma blends in with normal bone and growth protrudes up & away from nearest joint

34. Osteochondroma

35. Osteosarcoma Most common primary __________ of the skeleton
Highly ___________ and most often occurs in the bone marrow
X-ray appears as a sunray or sunburst
Osteosarcoma

36. Osteosarcoma

37. Bone Cyst Idiopathitic disease and is not a true neoplasm
Consists of numerous blood filled arterivenous communications
Most common treatment is surgical removal
Bone Cyst

38. Bone Cyst

39. MRI Superior contrast resolution for soft tissue detail
Modality of choice for soft tissue tumor
Extremely useful in eval of joints
MRi detects a larger number of musculoskeletal subtleties with higher resolution imaging
Bone marrow imaging is better than nuc med scans for subtle abnormalities

40. CT Can be performed quickly & noninvasiely
Defines extent of fractures and dislocations
Superior to MRI for cortical bone and visualization of bony detail
Gives better bone detail than plain x-ray
Has been largely replaced by MRI for soft tissue

41. Nuclear Medicine
Has advantage over CT & MRI because it can scan the whole body at one time
Can show if an injury is old or new
Still the standard for examination of metastatic processes because it demonstrates metabolic reaction of bone to the disease process
Is more sensitive than comparative radiographic studies