1. Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology Fifth edition Seeley, Stephens and Tate Slide 2.1 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Chapter 6: Skeletal System, Bones and Joints Articulations

2. Articulations or Joints Slide 5.43 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Where 2 bones attach  Functions of joints  Hold bones together  Allow for mobility  Joints may be classified:  Functionally  Structurally

3. Structural Classification of Joints Slide 5.45 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Fibrous joints  Collagenous fibers  Cartilaginous joints  Hyaline or fibrous cartilage  Synovial joints  Fluid-filled cavity lined with membrane

4. Functional Classification of Joints Slide 5.44 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Synarthrosis – immovable joint, usually fibrous  Amphiarthrosis – slightly movable joint, usually cartilaginous  Diarthrosis – freely movable joint, usually synovial

5. Fibrous Joints Slide 5.46 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Bones united by fibrous tissue  Examples  Sutures Figure 5.27d, e

6. Cartilaginous Joints Slide 5.47 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Bones connected by cartilage  Examples  Intervertebral joints  Pubic symphysis Figure 5.27b, c

7. Synovial Joints Slide 5.48 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Articulating bones are separated by a joint cavity  Synovial fluid is found in the joint cavity Figure 5.27f–h

8. Features of Synovial Joints Slide 5.49 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Articular cartilage (hyaline cartilage) covers the ends of bones  Joint surfaces are enclosed by a fibrous articular capsule  Joint cavity is filled with synovial fluid  Ligaments reinforce the joint

9. Features of Synovial Joints Slide 5.49 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Articular cartilage  Articular capsule  Synovial fluid  Ligaments

10. Structures Associated with the Synovial Joint Slide 5.50 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Bursa – flattened fibrous sac  Lined with synovial membranes  Filled with synovial fluid  Not actually part of the joint  Tendon sheath  Elongated bursa that wraps around a tendon

11. The Synovial Joint Slide 5.51 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 5.28

12. Types of Synovial Joints Slide 5.52a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 5.29a–c

13. Types of Synovial Joints Slide 5.52b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 5.29d–f

14. Inflammatory Conditions Associated with Joints: FYI Slide 5.53 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Bursitis – inflammation of a bursa usually caused by a blow or friction  Tendonitis – inflammation of tendon sheaths  Arthritis – inflammatory or degenerative diseases of joints  Over 100 different types  The most widespread crippling disease in the United States

15. Clinical Forms of Arthritis: FYI Slide 5.54a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Osteoarthritis  Most common chronic arthritis  Probably related to normal aging processes  Rheumatoid arthritis  An autoimmune disease  Symptoms begin with bilateral inflammation of certain joints  Often leads to deformities

16. Clinical Forms of Arthritis: FYI Slide 5.54a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Rheumatoid arthritis:  A) superficial view  B) color-enhanced x-ray

17. Clinical Forms of Arthritis: FYI Slide 5.54b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Gouty Arthritis  Inflammation of joints is caused by a deposition of urate crystals from the blood  Genetic pre-disposition  Can usually be controlled with diet, medication