1. Luther Leads the Reformation
Martin Luther’s protest over abuses in the Catholic Church lead to the founding of Protestant churches

2. Why Reformation? Causes Church Authority Challenged
Secularism, individualism, humanism of Renaissance challenge Church authority
Printing press spreads secular ideas
Northern merchants resent paying church taxes

3. No surprises here, but… Criticisms of the Catholic Church
Corrupt leaders, extravagant popes
Poorly educated priests; some still marrying
Many leaders viewed the pope as a foreign ruler and challenged his authority
European kings were jealous of the Church’s wealth

4. Early reformers
John Wycliffe and Jan Hus stress Bible’s authority over clergy’s
Erasmus and Thomas More are vocal critics of the Church
Reading religious works, Europeans form own opinions about Church

5. Martin Luther
Became monk after caught in a terrible thunderstorm
“Saint Anne, help me! I will become a monk.”

6. And so it begins… Martin Luther protests Friar Johann Tetzel’s Why?
Indulgences – sold in order to pardon people from the punishment of sins
On October 31, Luther posts his 95 Theses and they quickly circulate throughout Germany
Luther called Church “pardon-merchants”

8. Questions for you…
Why was Martin Luther unhappy with the sale of indulgences?
People thought that buying an indulgence would get them into heaven.
What caused Luther’s ideas to spread throughout Germany?
Someone had Luther’s words printed.

9. Reformation Luther launches the Reformation
A movement for religious reform
Reformation rejects pope’s authority

10. Luther’s Teachings
People can win salvation by faith in God’s gift of forgiveness.
The Church taught that faith and “good works” were needed for salvation.
Christian teachings must be based on the Bible, not the pope
All people with faith are equal, can interpret Bible without priests

11. Henry VIII and Luther
Henry VIII also had unkind words for Martin Luther: “What serpent so venomous as he who calls the pope’s authority tyrannous?”
Ironic because Henry later rejected the pope’s authority, but he never changed his opinion of Luther.

12. The response The Pope’s Threat
Pope Leo X issues decree threatening to excommunicate Luther (1520)
Luther refuses to take back or recant his statements and is excommunicated

13. Emperor’s effort
Charles V, a devout Catholic, and Holy Roman Emperor asks Luther to recant
Luther’s response—”I am bound by the Scriptures I have quoted an my conscience is captive to the Word of God. I cannot and I will not retract anything since it is neither safe nor right to go against conscience. I cannot do otherwise, here I stand, may God help me. Amen”

14. Emperor’s effort Charles V issues Edict of Worms (1521)
This declares Luther a heretic, and said nobody was allowed to help him.
A German prince did help, and while hiding Luther translates new testament into German
In 1522 he returned to Wittenberg
Lutherans form

15. Martin Luther Luther’s 1534 Bible at right
Early printing of “A Mighty Fortress is our God” written by Luther

16. The Peasants’ Revolt
Inspired by Reformation, German peasants seek end to serfdom (1524)
Luther is actually against the revolts
Princes crush revolt

17. Germany at War
Some princes side with Luther, become known as Protestants
Other princes in Germany side with the Pope
Peace of Augsburg (1555)-each prince can decide religion of his state

18. Protestantism
Protestantism is a branch of Christianity. It developed out of the Reformation.
Branch
Number of Adherents
Catholic
968,000,000
Protestant
395,867,000
Other Christians
275,583,000
Orthodox
217,948,000
Anglicans
70,530,000

19. Henry VIII 1491-1547 Became king in 1509
Loved sports, literature, music, and food
Loved him some Catholicism
Anti Martin Luther, and the pope gave him a special title, “Defender of the Faith.”

20. England Becomes Protestant
Henry VIII wants a son
Why? He wants an heir to his throne
Henry has only daughter from marriage with Catherine of Aragon
Henry wants a divorce, Pope refuses to annul (set aside) his first marriage to Catherine of Aragon

21. The Reformation Parliament
Parliament passes Act of Supremecy ending pope’s power in England
Henry remarries (Anne Boleyn), becomes official head of Church of England
Remember Thomas More?

22. Good Idea Henry
Most English people followed Roman Catholicism at the time of Henry’s break with Rome.
Henry was careful to change nothing about the way people worshiped.
This explains why there was not greater outcry from his subjects about his actions.

23. Another Question for You…
Do you think Luther or Henry VIII had a better reason to break with the Church?

24. Second Wife Anne Boleyn They have a daughter- Elizabeth I
Boleyn is beheaded

25. Third Wife Jane Seymour They have one son, Edward.
She dies a few days after his birth.

26. Fourth Wife Anne of Cleves Was the portrait a true likeness?
Annulled/divorced

27. Fifth Wife
Catherine Howard
Beheaded

28. Sixth and Last Wife Catherine Parr
Outlived Henry VIII, otherwise I am sure it would have gotten ugly

29. Consequences of Henry’s Changes
Henry has six wives and three children
Religious turmoil follows Henry’s death (1547)

30. After Henry VIII
1. Edward VI ( ), ruled for 6 years; died at age 15; Protestant
2. Mary I or Mary Tudor ( ) Catholic (Bloody Mary)
3. Elizabeth I Protestant

31. Elizabeth Restores Protestantism
Henry’s second daughter, Queen Elizabeth I, forms Anglican Church
Sermons in English, not Latin; priests allowed to marry

32. Elizabeth Faces Other Challenges
Some Protestants and Catholics oppose Elizabeth
Elizabeth’s need for money brings conflict with Parliament

33. Spanish Armada
Phillip II, Catholic King of Spain, threatens England because Elizabeth had supported Protestant subject who rebelled against him
1588 Philip assembled an invasion force of 130 ships, 8,000 sailors, and 19,000 soldiers.
Bad weather and the English fleet defeated the Spanish completely