1. Z WINGLI, C ALVIN, & THE C OUNTER- R EFORMATION

2. Emperor Charles V resolved to suppress Lutheranism by force -- WAR! Schmalkaldic League: Alliance of Lutheran princes against Charles V 1555 - Peace of Augsburg Compromise settlement “Cuius regio, eius religio” L UTHERANISM B ECOMES L EGIT

3. G ERMAN P EASANTS’ R EVOLT (1524-25) German peasants upset by high taxes and abuse by nobles Luther follower Thomas Müntzer led peasants in revolt Luther’s response – Kill the peasants! Demonstrated that Luther was opposed to political revolt

4. U LRICH Z WINGLI & THE M ARBURG C OLLOQUY (1529) ZWINGLI LUTHER LEO X Transubstantiation! Consubstantiation! Purely Symbolic!

5. J OHN C ALVIN 3 rd of the 3 great reformers 1534 – Forced to flee France because of Protestant views Wrote The Institutes of the Christian Religion, the great handbook of Protestant thought 1541 – Established theocracy in Geneva – Church controlled not just faith, but all aspects of public & private life

6. L IFE I N G ENEVA Became most important Protestant center in Europe Pastors & elders closely monitored behavior of citizens Life based on literal reading of Scriptures – Gambling, drunkenness, dancing, & adultery all severely punished Calvin’s School of Christ

7. M ICHAEL S ERVETUS 1553 – Executed in Calvin’s Geneva for denying the doctrine of the Trinity

8. T OTAL DEPRAVITY U NCONDITIONAL ELECTION L IMITED ATONEMENT I RRESISTABLE GRACE P ERSEVERENCE OF SAINTS P REDESTINATION

9. A NABAPTISTS Christianity voluntary – Hence, adult baptism Most radical of the reform religions Each church chose own minister Emphasized simple worship & living COMPLETE SEPARATION OF CHURCH AND STATE – Hence perceived as dangerous!

10. T HE C ATHOLIC & C OUNTER- R EFORMATIONS

11. C OUNCIL OF T RENT (1545-1563)

12. Decisions of the Council Upheld Catholic Doctrine! Rejected doctrine of “justification by faith” Equal validity to Scriptures and Church tradition Reaffirmed 7 sacraments, transubstantiation, etc. Basically rejected all Lutheran and Calvinist positions

13. Decisions of the Council Sought to Correct Abuses Bishops required to reside in diocese Pluralism & simony suppressed Sale of indulgences suppressed Clerics to give up concubines Better education for clergy -- Every diocese required to establish a seminary

14. Decisions of the Council Sought to Correct Abuses (continued) Seminary students to be selected for their genuine calling to the priesthood Greater emphasis laid upon instructing the laity, esp. the uneducated Reform was not immediate, but foundation for renewal of Church was laid

15. IGNATIUS LOYOLA & the JESUITS Loyola & pope established Jesuits as “soldiers of God” (1540) Argued that man should submit to will of God Jesuits acted as educators & foreign missionaries, & sought to reconvert Protestants

16. I NDEX OF P ROHIBITED B OOKS List of books that Catholics were prohibited from reading

17. F IN