1.  Did you know…  A lobster has a sense of smell ~1000x keener than a human.  Frogs eat their skin after they shed it.

2.  http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dqoPXC60l _s http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dqoPXC60l _s  http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=puipmbc_3 CY http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=puipmbc_3 CY

3.  Humans purposefully change DNA  E.g., luciferase gene in fireflies inserted into tobacco plant DNA

4.  Humans cross/breed 2 orgs of same species  Possess most desirable traits  Farmers cross 2 tomatoes b/c heartiest & most disease-resistant  E.g. horses, dogs, crops

5.  Continual breeding of orgs w/ same heritage  Small, elite pop  I.e., maintain a breed of dogs (e.g., poodles)  Risky: offspring often inherit 2 recessive alleles for genetic disorder

6.  Cross 2 different orgs  Best traits together into 1 org  E.g., loganberry = raspberry + blackberry  E.g., peppermint = spearmint + water mint

7.  Contains DNA from another species  “Across” orgs  Used in production of human insulin or in bacteria that break down oil

8.  Transgenic crops  “Golden rice:” vitamin A gene inserted into rice DNA  Staple food for billions  Vitamin A important for eye sight (found in carrots)

9.  Genetically identical org coming from 1 parent (asexual reproduction)  Dolly: 1 st mammal (sheep) cloned (1997)  Only lived 6 yrs

10.  Camel  Carp  Cat  Cattle  Dog  Ferret  Frog (tadpole)  Fruit Flies  Gaur  Goat  Horse  Mice  Mouflon  Mule  Pig  Rabbit  Rat  Rhesus Monkey  Sheep  Water Buffalo  Wolf  And more!

12.  Scan DNA for specific sequences for disorder/disease  100+ genetic disorders can be tested  E.g., cystic fibrosis (CF), Tay-Sachs disease

13.  Identify by comparing DNA sequence lengths  Analyze introns (filler space)  No individual is exactly the same  EXCEPT identical twins  Uses:  Paternity testing  Criminal identification  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PSwlCk_Z02c https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PSwlCk_Z02c

14. 1. Restriction enzymes cut DNA into small pieces 2. DNA pieces separated by size on electrophoresis gel  Shorter pieces move faster/farther than long pieces 3. Compare DNA piece lengths  http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/education/bo dy/create-dna-fingerprint.html http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/education/bo dy/create-dna-fingerprint.html

15.  Purposes:  Analyze human DNA sequence for genes  Screen individuals for specific genes  Develop gene therapies  Difficult to analyze b/c most of genome is introns/filler sequence

16.  Swap faulty gene of genetic disorder for normal, working gene  Use viral vector  Virus inserts DNA sequence into host genome  New proteins expressed  http://www.dnatube.com/video/27687/Explan ation-of-Recombination-Genetic-Engineering http://www.dnatube.com/video/27687/Explan ation-of-Recombination-Genetic-Engineering