1. Biochemistry Chapter 3

2. Inorganic molecules: Are not made of both C AND H Organic Molecules: Contain C AND H; may have other elements - hydrocarbons: organic molecules that have ONLY C and H

3. Compounds of the Cell: Minerals Water Carbohydrates Lipids Nucleic Acids Proteins

4. Minerals Phosphorous Iodine Important minerals: Iron Calcium Sodium Chlorine Potassium

5. Minerals Function: - help maintain fluid balance; - act as a pH buffer - aid in structure of cells (body) - allow nervous system to work

6. The 4 major compounds in the cell are all types of Macromolecules First we build a smallish organic molecule. Macro = BIG Then we link many of those together building a chain

7. Single units are called monomers Chain of units is called polymer

8. Single units are called monomers Chain of units is called polymer

9. Carbon: The Atom How many electrons does carbon want in its outer orbital? 8 How many bonds can carbon make? 4 6 p + 6 n 0 e-e- e-e- e-e- e-e- e-e- e-e-

10. Graphite Diamond Carbon: The Element

11. Carbon Compounds Why is carbon the chemical backbone for life? Why not oxygen or hydrogen?

12. 1.Carbon atoms can form not 1, not 2, not 3, but 2.Carbon atoms have a great tendency to _____________ ____________. 3.Carbon atoms can bond in multiple ways to produce ________________________ four covalent bonds. bond with other carbon atoms a variety of molecular shapes.

13. Other Biochem basics Since Biochemistry uses so many C’s and H’s, we can simplify our structures by “hiding” some of them

14. Other Biochem basics There is a Carbon atom at each corner or point DON’T FORGET ABOUT THIS!! It is also assumed that, if no atom is shown, Carbon’s remaining bonds are filled up with H

15. The many shapes of carbon Draw a molecule with carbon and hydrogen atoms that would look like a: –Straight chain –Branched chain –Ring

16. Carbon Straight Chain

17. Carbon Branched Chain

18. Carbon Ring

19. Functional groups  groups of ______ within a carbon molecule that has characteristic properties. They replace the _________ on the carbon backbone. They influence the _________ of the molecule. They add more ___________ and diversity to organic compounds. atoms hydrogen properties complexity

20. Functional Groups Hydroxyl Carboxyl Phosphate Amino

21. Biological Macromolecules 4 Major Classes of organic compounds: 1.Carbohydrates 2.Lipids 3.Nucleic Acids 4.Proteins

22. Building macromolecules Monomer: small, simple _________________. Polymer: molecule that is made from many joined ___________. _______ polymers are called macromolecules. Monomers are linked together through a chemical reaction called dehydration synthesis molecular unit monomers Large

23. Dehydration Synthesis One monomer loses a hydrogen. Another monomer loses a hydroxyl (OH) group. This makes water! Then the monomers form a new bond between the two atoms that just lost a bond. New monomers are added to the growing polymer.

24. Dehydration synthesis: - Step 1: begin with at least two unlinked monomers OH HO OH HO +

25. Dehydration synthesis: - Step 2: Remove an H from monomer 1 and an OH from monomer 2 - The H and OH combine to form water O HO OH + HOH = H2O HOH

26. Dehydration synthesis: - Step 3: connect what is left of the monomers O HO OH + H2O O HO OH+ H2O +

27. Dehydration synthesis: Final products: 1 Growing chain - (beginnings of a polymer) 1 Water molecule O HO OH + H2O

28. Example of Dehydration Synthesis H2OH2O http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UyDnnD3fMaU

29. Hydrolysis: Chemical reaction that uses water to separate polymers into monomers. (Break apart) - Exactly the opposite of Dehydration synthesis

30. Hydrolysis A water molecule is split into the H + and OH - ions. A bond of the polymer is broken when these ions attach. This process breaks down polymers into monomers.

31. *Word Hint* “hydro-” means _______________. “-lysis” means

32. Hydrolysis: - Step 1: Start with polymer and 1 water molecule O HO OH + H2O

33. Hydrolysis: - Step 2: Break water into 1 H and 1 OH - Add the H to one monomer and the OH to the other; O HO OH HHO

34. Hydrolysis: - Step 3: Split the bond between monomers OHOH HO OH HO

35. Hydrolysis: - Final Product: Two unlinked monomers OHOH HO OH HO

36. Examples